SpringBoot如何进行配置与使用?很多新手对此不是很清楚,为了帮助大家解决这个难题,下面小编将为大家详细讲解,有这方面需求的人可以来学习下,希望你能有所收获。
简介
Spring 框架是非常著名的 Java 开源框架,历经十多年的发展,整个生态系统已经非常完善甚至是繁杂,Spring Boot 正是为了解决这个问题而开发的,为 Spring 平台和第三方库提供了开箱即用的设置,只需要很少的配置就可以开始一个 Spring 项目。当然,建议使用 Java 8 来进行开发。
Spring Boot 实际上走的是 Servlet 的路线,所以需要一个 Servlet 容器,什么 Tomcat/Jetty 都支持,比较意外的是居然还支持 Undertow(Undertow 大法好)。
安装
简单粗暴直接上命令行,具体的简介参考注释
# 确定 Java 版本
dawang:~ dawang$ java -version
java version "1.8.0_91"
Java(TM) SE Runtime Environment (build 1.8.0_91-b14)
Java HotSpot(TM) 64-Bit Server VM (build 25.91-b14, mixed mode)
# 安装 Spring Boot CLI
# 这是第一条语句
dawang:~ dawang$ brew tap pivotal/tap
==> Tapping pivotal/tap
Cloning into '/usr/local/Library/Taps/pivotal/homebrew-tap'...
remote: Counting objects: 16, done.
remote: Compressing objects: 100% (14/14), done.
remote: Total 16 (delta 2), reused 5 (delta 0), pack-reused 0
Unpacking objects: 100% (16/16), done.
Checking connectivity... done.
Tapped 9 formulae (50 files, 46.1K)
# 这是第二条语句
dawang:~ dawang$ brew install springboot
==> Installing springboot from pivotal/tap
==> Downloading https://repo.spring.io/release/org/springframework/boot/spring-boot-cli/1.3.6.RELEASE/spring-boot-cli-1.3.6.RELEASE-bin.tar.
######################################################################## 100.0%
==> Caveats
Bash completion has been installed to:
/usr/local/etc/bash_completion.d
zsh completion has been installed to:
/usr/local/share/zsh/site-functions
==> Summary
:beer: /usr/local/Cellar/springboot/1.3.6.RELEASE: 6 files, 8.9M, built in 4 minutes 39 seconds
然后我们就可以试试看 Spring CLI 的强大威力了!创建一个名为 app.groovy 的文件
@RestController
class ThisWillActuallyRun {
@RequestMapping("/")
String home() {
"Hello World"
}
}
只需要运行 spring run app.groovy
即可!然而,在我的机器上并没有这么顺利, spring 已经被 ruby 无情占用,只好在 .bashrc 中新建一个别名 alias springj="/usr/local/Cellar/springboot/1.3.6.RELEASE/bin/spring
" ,然后用 springj run app.groovy
运行。
还不行!打开 localhost:8080 的时候发现机器启动着 nginx,所以要先把 nginx 关掉,具体的步骤是
# 查找对应的进程号
ps aux | grep nginx
# 发送关闭信号
kill -QUIT [nginx 主进程 pid]
解决掉各种拦路虎,我们再次运行 springj run app.groovy ,就可以在浏览器中见到 Hello World 了。
dawang$ springj run app.groovy
Resolving dependencies.......
. ____ _ __ _ _
/\\ / ___'_ __ _ _(_)_ __ __ _ \ \ \ \
( ( )\___ | '_ | '_| | '_ \/ _` | \ \ \ \
\\/ ___)| |_)| | | | | || (_| | ) ) ) )
' |____| .__|_| |_|_| |_\__, | / / / /
=========|_|==============|___/=/_/_/_/
:: Spring Boot :: (v1.3.6.RELEASE)
最后我们需要安装的有Gradle 和 IntelliJ IDEA CE ,这里就不赘述了,安装好了我们就可以进行下一步了
Hello World
在 Spring INITIALIZR 进行简单设置即可生成项目模板,如下图所示:
然后我们把下载的文件解压并导入 IntelliJ 中,稍作等待即可。
目录结构如上图所示,我们直接运行这个 main 函数看看,控制台中的输出为
. ____ _ __ _ _
/\\ / ___'_ __ _ _(_)_ __ __ _ \ \ \ \
( ( )\___ | '_ | '_| | '_ \/ _` | \ \ \ \
\\/ ___)| |_)| | | | | || (_| | ) ) ) )
' |____| .__|_| |_|_| |_\__, | / / / /
=========|_|==============|___/=/_/_/_/
:: Spring Boot :: (v1.3.6.RELEASE)
2016-07-19 19:29:41.235 INFO 65812 --- [ main] wdx.helloworld.HellowordApplication : Starting HellowordApplication on dawang.local with PID 65812 (/Users/dawang/Documents/DJI/Code/helloword/build/classes/main started by dawang in /Users/dawang/Documents/DJI/Code/helloword)
2016-07-19 19:29:41.239 INFO 65812 --- [ main] wdx.helloworld.HellowordApplication : No active profile set, falling back to default profiles: default
2016-07-19 19:29:41.320 INFO 65812 --- [ main] s.c.a.AnnotationConfigApplicationContext : Refreshing org.springframework.context.annotation.AnnotationConfigApplicationContext@545997b1: startup date [Tue Jul 19 19:29:41 CST 2016]; root of context hierarchy
2016-07-19 19:29:42.336 INFO 65812 --- [ main] o.s.j.e.a.AnnotationMBeanExporter : Registering beans for JMX exposure on startup
2016-07-19 19:29:42.353 INFO 65812 --- [ main] wdx.helloworld.HellowordApplication : Started HellowordApplication in 1.865 seconds (JVM running for 3.141)
2016-07-19 19:29:42.354 INFO 65812 --- [ Thread-1] s.c.a.AnnotationConfigApplicationContext : Closing org.springframework.context.annotation.AnnotationConfigApplicationContext@545997b1: startup date [Tue Jul 19 19:29:41 CST 2016]; root of context hierarchy
2016-07-19 19:29:42.356 INFO 65812 --- [ Thread-1] o.s.j.e.a.AnnotationMBeanExporter : Unregistering JMX-exposed beans on shutdown
Process finished with exit code 0
当然,因为我们的程序中没有做任何操作,也没有配合 Web 模块,所以加载 Spring 完成之后就结束了。
我们看看项目对应的 build.gradle ,其中只包含了两个模块:
dependencies {
compile('org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter')
testCompile('org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-test')
}
其中:
我们加入 spring-boot-starter-web 模块,对应的 dependencies 部分为
dependencies {
compile('org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter')
compile('org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-web')
testCompile('org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-test')
}
然后在 wdx.helloworld.web 这个 package 中加入一个 HelloController 类:
package wdx.helloworld.web;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
/**
* Created by dawang on 16/7/20.
*/
@RestController
public class HelloController {
@RequestMapping("/hello")
public String index() {
return "Hello World! This is wdxtub.";
}
}
再启动主程序,访问 localhost:8080/hello 时就可以看到结果了:
然后我们编写一下对应的测试 HellowordApplicationTests (单词拼错了不要在意这些细节),注意需要引入一些 static 方法:
package wdx.helloworld;
import org.junit.Before;
import org.junit.Test;
import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
import org.springframework.boot.test.SpringApplicationConfiguration;
import org.springframework.http.MediaType;
import org.springframework.mock.web.MockServletContext;
import org.springframework.test.context.junit4.SpringJUnit4ClassRunner;
import org.springframework.test.context.web.WebAppConfiguration;
import org.springframework.test.web.servlet.MockMvc;
import org.springframework.test.web.servlet.request.MockMvcRequestBuilders;
import org.springframework.test.web.servlet.setup.MockMvcBuilders;
import wdx.helloworld.web.HelloController;
import static org.springframework.test.web.servlet.result.MockMvcResultMatchers.*;
import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.equalTo;
@RunWith(SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.class)
@SpringApplicationConfiguration(classes = MockServletContext.class)
@WebAppConfiguration
public class HellowordApplicationTests {
private MockMvc mvc;
@Before
public void setUp() throws Exception {
mvc = MockMvcBuilders.standaloneSetup(new HelloController()).build();
}
@Test
public void getHello() throws Exception {
mvc.perform(MockMvcRequestBuilders.get("/hello").accept(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON))
.andExpect(status().isOk())
.andExpect(content().string(equalTo("Hello World! This is wdxtub.")));
}
}
具体测试简单来说就是使用 MockServletContext 来创建一个新的 WebApplicationContext ,然后我们就可以模拟访问 localhost:8080/hello 了,运行该测试,可以发现一切正常。
至此,我们就了解了如何开始一个 Spring Boot 项目,并编写了一个简单的路由用来显示对应内容。接下来我们会更多介绍开发相关的其他知识。
Starter POMs
简单来说,Starter POMs 是方便我们快速给应用添加功能的,只需要在 build.gradle 中包含对应的 starter,可以省去大量的配置和依赖管理,下面是一些常用的 starter
如果想要切换容器和日志系统可以用下面的包
更多社区贡献的 starter POMs 可以在 这里 查阅。
组织代码最佳实践
不要使用 default package ,建议使用反转的域名来命名包
把 main 应用类放在 root package 中,其他的类放在子包中,结构如下所示
wdx
+- helloworld
+- HelloworldApplication.java <- main class
|
+- web
| +- HelloController.java
|
+- service
| +- CustomerService.java
打包运行
我们在终端中执行 gradle assemble 可以生成一个 jar 包,也可以直接执行这个 jar 包来启动整个应用,如
dawang:helloword dawang$ java -jar build/libs/helloword-0.0.1-SNAPSHOT.jar
. ____ _ __ _ _
/\\ / ___'_ __ _ _(_)_ __ __ _ \ \ \ \
( ( )\___ | '_ | '_| | '_ \/ _` | \ \ \ \
\\/ ___)| |_)| | | | | || (_| | ) ) ) )
' |____| .__|_| |_|_| |_\__, | / / / /
=========|_|==============|___/=/_/_/_/
:: Spring Boot :: (v1.3.6.RELEASE)
2016-07-20 13:11:01.859 INFO 36943 --- [ main] wdx.helloworld.HellowordApplication : Starting HellowordApplication on dawang.local with PID 36943 (/Users/dawang/Documents/DJI/Code/helloword/build/libs/helloword-0.0.1-SNAPSHOT.jar started by dawang in /Users/dawang/Documents/DJI/Code/helloword)
2016-07-20 13:11:01.864 INFO 36943 --- [ main] wdx.helloworld.HellowordApplication : No active profile set, falling back to default profiles: default
2016-07-20 13:11:01.960 INFO 36943 --- [ main] ationConfigEmbeddedWebApplicationContext : Refreshing org.springframework.boot.context.embedded.AnnotationConfigEmbeddedWebApplicationContext@67424e82: startup date [Wed Jul 20 13:11:01 CST 2016]; root of context hierarchy
2016-07-20 13:11:03.727 INFO 36943 --- [ main] s.b.c.e.t.TomcatEmbeddedServletContainer : Tomcat initialized with port(s): 8080 (http)
2016-07-20 13:11:03.750 INFO 36943 --- [ main] o.apache.catalina.core.StandardService : Starting service Tomcat
2016-07-20 13:11:03.752 INFO 36943 --- [ main] org.apache.catalina.core.StandardEngine : Starting Servlet Engine: Apache Tomcat/8.0.36
2016-07-20 13:11:03.897 INFO 36943 --- [ost-startStop-1] o.a.c.c.C.[Tomcat].[localhost].[/] : Initializing Spring embedded WebApplicationContext
2016-07-20 13:11:03.897 INFO 36943 --- [ost-startStop-1] o.s.web.context.ContextLoader : Root WebApplicationContext: initialization completed in 1943 ms
2016-07-20 13:11:04.275 INFO 36943 --- [ost-startStop-1] o.s.b.c.e.ServletRegistrationBean : Mapping servlet: 'dispatcherServlet' to [/]
2016-07-20 13:11:04.282 INFO 36943 --- [ost-startStop-1] o.s.b.c.embedded.FilterRegistrationBean : Mapping filter: 'characterEncodingFilter' to: [/*]
2016-07-20 13:11:04.283 INFO 36943 --- [ost-startStop-1] o.s.b.c.embedded.FilterRegistrationBean : Mapping filter: 'hiddenHttpMethodFilter' to: [/*]
2016-07-20 13:11:04.283 INFO 36943 --- [ost-startStop-1] o.s.b.c.embedded.FilterRegistrationBean : Mapping filter: 'httpPutFormContentFilter' to: [/*]
2016-07-20 13:11:04.284 INFO 36943 --- [ost-startStop-1] o.s.b.c.embedded.FilterRegistrationBean : Mapping filter: 'requestContextFilter' to: [/*]
2016-07-20 13:11:04.658 INFO 36943 --- [ main] s.w.s.m.m.a.RequestMappingHandlerAdapter : Looking for @ControllerAdvice: org.springframework.boot.context.embedded.AnnotationConfigEmbeddedWebApplicationContext@67424e82: startup date [Wed Jul 20 13:11:01 CST 2016]; root of context hierarchy
2016-07-20 13:11:04.751 INFO 36943 --- [ main] s.w.s.m.m.a.RequestMappingHandlerMapping : Mapped "{[/hello]}" onto public java.lang.String wdx.helloworld.web.HelloController.index()
2016-07-20 13:11:04.755 INFO 36943 --- [ main] s.w.s.m.m.a.RequestMappingHandlerMapping : Mapped "{[/error]}" onto public org.springframework.http.ResponseEntity<java.util.Map<java.lang.String, java.lang.Object>> org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.web.BasicErrorController.error(javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest)
2016-07-20 13:11:04.755 INFO 36943 --- [ main] s.w.s.m.m.a.RequestMappingHandlerMapping : Mapped "{[/error],produces=[text/html]}" onto public org.springframework.web.servlet.ModelAndView org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.web.BasicErrorController.errorHtml(javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest,javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse)
2016-07-20 13:11:04.810 INFO 36943 --- [ main] o.s.w.s.handler.SimpleUrlHandlerMapping : Mapped URL path [/webjars/**] onto handler of type [class org.springframework.web.servlet.resource.ResourceHttpRequestHandler]
2016-07-20 13:11:04.810 INFO 36943 --- [ main] o.s.w.s.handler.SimpleUrlHandlerMapping : Mapped URL path [/**] onto handler of type [class org.springframework.web.servlet.resource.ResourceHttpRequestHandler]
2016-07-20 13:11:04.875 INFO 36943 --- [ main] o.s.w.s.handler.SimpleUrlHandlerMapping : Mapped URL path [/**/favicon.ico] onto handler of type [class org.springframework.web.servlet.resource.ResourceHttpRequestHandler]
2016-07-20 13:11:05.028 INFO 36943 --- [ main] o.s.j.e.a.AnnotationMBeanExporter : Registering beans for JMX exposure on startup
2016-07-20 13:11:05.145 INFO 36943 --- [ main] s.b.c.e.t.TomcatEmbeddedServletContainer : Tomcat started on port(s): 8080 (http)
2016-07-20 13:11:05.151 INFO 36943 --- [ main] wdx.helloworld.HellowordApplication : Started HellowordApplication in 4.0 seconds (JVM running for 4.484)
当然,因为需要包含所有的依赖,整个 jar 包会比较大。如果想要开启远程调试,命令为
java -Xdebug -Xrunjdwp:server=y,transport=dt_socket,address=8000,suspend=n -jar build/libs/helloword-0.0.1-SNAPSHOT.jar
Gradle 运行
当然我们也可以简单使用内置的 Gradle 脚本来运行,直接 gradle bootRun 即可。
配置 Undertow
如果想要用 Undertow 来替换默认的 Tomcat,也可以简单在 build.gradle 中进行配置,比如:
configurations {
compile.exclude module: "spring-boot-starter-tomcat"
}
dependencies {
compile('org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter')
compile('org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-web')
compile('org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-undertow')
testCompile('org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-test')
}
然后使用 gradle bootRun 即可。
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