窗口的透视变换效果
当我们点击Win10的UWP应用中的小部件时，会发现小部件会朝着鼠标点击位置凹陷下去，而且不同的点击位置对应着不同的凹陷情况，看起来就好像小部件在屏幕上不只有x轴和y轴，甚至还有一个z轴。要做到这一点，其实只要对窗口进行透视变换即可。下面是对Qt的窗口和按钮进行透视变换的效果：
具体代码
1.下面先定义一个类，它的作用是将传入的 QPixmap 转换为numpy 数组，然后用 opencv 的 warpPerspective 对数组进行透视变换，最后再将 numpy 数组转为 QPixmap 并返回；
# coding:utf-8
import cv2 as cv
import numpy
from PyQt5.QtGui import QImage, QPixmap
class PixmapPerspectiveTransform:
""" 透视变换基类 """
def __init__(self, pixmap=None):
""" 实例化透视变换对象\n
Parameter
---------
src : numpy数组 """
self.pixmap = pixmap
def setPixmap(self, pixmap: QPixmap):
""" 设置被变换的QPixmap """
self.pixmap = QPixmap
self.src=self.transQPixmapToNdarray(pixmap)
self.height, self.width = self.src.shape[:2]
# 变换前后的边角坐标
self.srcPoints = numpy.float32(
[[0, 0], [self.width - 1, 0], [0, self.height - 1],
[self.width - 1, self.height - 1]])
def setDstPoints(self, leftTop: list, rightTop, leftBottom, rightBottom):
""" 设置变换后的边角坐标 """
self.dstPoints = numpy.float32(
[leftTop, rightTop, leftBottom, rightBottom])
def getPerspectiveTransform(self, imWidth, imHeight, borderMode=cv.BORDER_CONSTANT, borderValue=[255, 255, 255, 0]) -> QPixmap:
""" 透视变换图像，返回QPixmap\n
Parameters
----------
imWidth : 变换后的图像宽度\n
imHeight : 变换后的图像高度\n
borderMode : 边框插值方式\n
borderValue : 边框颜色
"""
# 如果是jpg需要加上一个透明通道
if self.src.shape[-1] == 3:
self.src = cv.cvtColor(self.src, cv.COLOR_BGR2BGRA)
# 透视变换矩阵
perspectiveMatrix = cv.getPerspectiveTransform(
self.srcPoints, self.dstPoints)
# 执行变换
self.dst = cv.warpPerspective(self.src, perspectiveMatrix, (
imWidth, imHeight), borderMode=borderMode, borderValue=borderValue)
# 将ndarray转换为QPixmap
return self.transNdarrayToQPixmap(self.dst)
def transQPixmapToNdarray(self, pixmap: QPixmap):
""" 将QPixmap转换为numpy数组 """
width, height = pixmap.width(), pixmap.height()
channels_count = 4
image = pixmap.toImage() # type:QImage
s = image.bits().asstring(height * width * channels_count)
# 得到BGRA格式数组
array = numpy.fromstring(s, numpy.uint8).reshape(
(height, width, channels_count))
return array
def transNdarrayToQPixmap(self, array):
""" 将numpy数组转换为QPixmap """
height, width, bytesPerComponent = array.shape
bytesPerLine = 4 * width
# 默认数组维度为 m*n*4
dst = cv.cvtColor(array, cv.COLOR_BGRA2RGBA)
pix = QPixmap.fromImage(
QImage(dst.data, width, height, bytesPerLine, QImage.Format_RGBA8888))
return pix
2.接下来就是这篇博客的主角——PerspectiveWidget，当我们的鼠标单击这个类实例化出来的窗口时，窗口会先通过 self.grab() 被渲染为QPixmap，然后调用 PixmapPerspectiveTransform 中的方法对QPixmap进行透视变换，拿到透视变换的结果后只需隐藏窗口内的小部件并通过 PaintEvent 将结果绘制到窗口上即可。虽然思路很通顺，但是实际操作起来会发现对于透明背景的窗口进行透视变换时，与透明部分交界的部分会被插值上半透明的像素。对于本来就属于深色的像素来说这没什么，但是如果像素是浅色的就会带来很大的视觉干扰，你会发现这些浅色部分旁边被描上了一圈黑边，我们先将这个图像记为img_1。img_1差不多长这个样子，可以很明显看出白色的文字围绕着一圈黑色的描边。
为了解决这个烦人的问题，我又对桌面上的窗口进行截屏，再次透视变换。注意是桌面上看到的窗口，这时的窗口肯定是会有背景的，这时的透视变换就不会存在上述问题，记这个透视变换完的图像为img_2。但实际上我们本来是不想要img_2中的背景的，所以只要将img_2中的背景替换完img_1中的透明背景，下面是具体代码：
# coding:utf-8
import numpy as np
from PyQt5.QtCore import QPoint, Qt
from PyQt5.QtGui import QPainter, QPixmap, QScreen, QImage
from PyQt5.QtWidgets import QApplication, QWidget
from my_functions.get_pressed_pos import getPressedPos
from my_functions.perspective_transform_cv import PixmapPerspectiveTransform
class PerspectiveWidget(QWidget):
""" 可进行透视变换的窗口 """
def __init__(self, parent=None, isTransScreenshot=False):
super().__init__(parent)
self.__visibleChildren = []
self.__isTransScreenshot = isTransScreenshot
self.__perspectiveTrans = PixmapPerspectiveTransform()
self.__screenshotPix = None
self.__pressedPix = None
self.__pressedPos = None
@property
def pressedPos(self) -> str:
""" 返回鼠标点击位置 """
return self.__pressedPos
def mousePressEvent(self, e):
""" 鼠标点击窗口时进行透视变换 """
super().mousePressEvent(e)
self.grabMouse()
pixmap = self.grab()
self.__perspectiveTrans.setPixmap(pixmap)
# 根据鼠标点击位置的不同设置背景封面的透视变换
self.__setDstPointsByPressedPos(getPressedPos(self,e))
# 获取透视变换后的QPixmap
self.__pressedPix = self.__getTransformPixmap()
# 对桌面上的窗口进行截图
if self.__isTransScreenshot:
self.__adjustTransformPix()
# 隐藏本来看得见的小部件
self.__visibleChildren = [
child for child in self.children() if hasattr(child, 'isVisible') and child.isVisible()]
for child in self.__visibleChildren:
if hasattr(child, 'hide'):
child.hide()
self.update()
def mouseReleaseEvent(self, e):
""" 鼠标松开时显示小部件 """
super().mouseReleaseEvent(e)
self.releaseMouse()
self.__pressedPos = None
self.update()
# 显示小部件
for child in self.__visibleChildren:
if hasattr(child, 'show'):
child.show()
def paintEvent(self, e):
""" 绘制背景 """
super().paintEvent(e)
painter = QPainter(self)
painter.setRenderHints(QPainter.Antialiasing | QPainter.HighQualityAntialiasing |
QPainter.SmoothPixmapTransform)
painter.setPen(Qt.NoPen)
# 绘制背景图片
if self.__pressedPos:
painter.drawPixmap(self.rect(), self.__pressedPix)
def __setDstPointsByPressedPos(self,pressedPos:str):
""" 通过鼠标点击位置设置透视变换的四个边角坐标 """
self.__pressedPos = pressedPos
if self.__pressedPos == 'left':
self.__perspectiveTrans.setDstPoints(
[5, 4], [self.__perspectiveTrans.width - 2, 1],
[3, self.__perspectiveTrans.height - 3],
[self.__perspectiveTrans.width - 2, self.__perspectiveTrans.height - 1])
elif self.__pressedPos == 'left-top':
self.__perspectiveTrans.setDstPoints(
[6, 5], [self.__perspectiveTrans.width - 1, 1],
[1, self.__perspectiveTrans.height - 2],
[self.__perspectiveTrans.width - 2, self.__perspectiveTrans.height - 1])
elif self.__pressedPos == 'left-bottom':
self.__perspectiveTrans.setDstPoints(
[2, 3], [self.__perspectiveTrans.width - 3, 0],
[4, self.__perspectiveTrans.height - 4],
[self.__perspectiveTrans.width - 2, self.__perspectiveTrans.height - 2])
elif self.__pressedPos == 'top':
self.__perspectiveTrans.setDstPoints(
[3, 5], [self.__perspectiveTrans.width - 4, 5],
[1, self.__perspectiveTrans.height - 2],
[self.__perspectiveTrans.width - 2, self.__perspectiveTrans.height - 2])
elif self.__pressedPos == 'center':
self.__perspectiveTrans.setDstPoints(
[3, 4], [self.__perspectiveTrans.width - 4, 4],
[3, self.__perspectiveTrans.height - 3],
[self.__perspectiveTrans.width - 4, self.__perspectiveTrans.height - 3])
elif self.__pressedPos == 'bottom':
self.__perspectiveTrans.setDstPoints(
[2, 2], [self.__perspectiveTrans.width - 3, 3],
[3, self.__perspectiveTrans.height - 3],
[self.__perspectiveTrans.width - 4, self.__perspectiveTrans.height - 3])
elif self.__pressedPos == 'right-bottom':
self.__perspectiveTrans.setDstPoints(
[1, 0], [self.__perspectiveTrans.width - 3, 2],
[1, self.__perspectiveTrans.height - 2],
[self.__perspectiveTrans.width - 5, self.__perspectiveTrans.height - 4])
elif self.__pressedPos == 'right-top':
self.__perspectiveTrans.setDstPoints(
[0, 1], [self.__perspectiveTrans.width - 7, 5],
[2, self.__perspectiveTrans.height - 1],
[self.__perspectiveTrans.width - 2, self.__perspectiveTrans.height - 2])
elif self.__pressedPos == 'right':
self.__perspectiveTrans.setDstPoints(
[1, 1], [self.__perspectiveTrans.width - 6, 4],
[2, self.__perspectiveTrans.height - 1],
[self.__perspectiveTrans.width - 4, self.__perspectiveTrans.height - 3])
def __getTransformPixmap(self) -> QPixmap:
""" 获取透视变换后的QPixmap """
pix = self.__perspectiveTrans.getPerspectiveTransform(
self.__perspectiveTrans.width, self.__perspectiveTrans.height).scaled(
self.size(), Qt.KeepAspectRatio, Qt.SmoothTransformation)
return pix
def __getScreenShot(self) -> QPixmap:
""" 对窗口口所在的桌面区域进行截图 """
screen = QApplication.primaryScreen() # type:QScreen
pos = self.mapToGlobal(QPoint(0, 0)) # type:QPoint
pix = screen.grabWindow(
0, pos.x(), pos.y(), self.width(), self.height())
return pix
def __adjustTransformPix(self):
""" 对窗口截图再次进行透视变换并将两张图融合，消除可能存在的黑边 """
self.__screenshotPix = self.__getScreenShot()
self.__perspectiveTrans.setPixmap(self.__screenshotPix)
self.__screenshotPressedPix = self.__getTransformPixmap()
# 融合两张透视图
img_1 = self.__perspectiveTrans.transQPixmapToNdarray(self.__pressedPix)
img_2 = self.__perspectiveTrans.transQPixmapToNdarray(self.__screenshotPressedPix)
# 去除非透明背景部分
mask = img_1[:, :, -1] == 0
img_2[mask] = img_1[mask]
self.__pressedPix = self.__perspectiveTrans.transNdarrayToQPixmap(img_2)
在mousePressEvent中调用了一个全局函数 getPressedPos(widget,e) ，如果将窗口分为九宫格，它就是用来获取判断鼠标的点击位置落在九宫格的哪个格子的，因为我在其他地方有用到它，所以没将其设置为PerspectiveWidget的方法成员。下面是这个函数的代码：
# coding:utf-8 from PyQt5.QtGui import QMouseEvent def getPressedPos(widget, e: QMouseEvent) -> str: """ 检测鼠标并返回按下的方位 """ pressedPos = None width = widget.width() height = widget.height() leftX = 0 <= e.x() <= int(width / 3) midX = int(width / 3) < e.x() <= int(width * 2 / 3) rightX = int(width * 2 / 3) < e.x() <= width topY = 0 <= e.y() <= int(height / 3) midY = int(height / 3) < e.y() <= int(height * 2 / 3) bottomY = int(height * 2 / 3) < e.y() <= height # 获取点击位置 if leftX and topY: pressedPos = 'left-top' elif midX and topY: pressedPos = 'top' elif rightX and topY: pressedPos = 'right-top' elif leftX and midY: pressedPos = 'left' elif midX and midY: pressedPos = 'center' elif rightX and midY: pressedPos = 'right' elif leftX and bottomY: pressedPos = 'left-bottom' elif midX and bottomY: pressedPos = 'bottom' elif rightX and bottomY: pressedPos = 'right-bottom' return pressedPos
使用方法
很简单，只要将代码中的QWidget替换为PerspectiveWidget就可以享受透视变换带来的无尽乐趣。要想向gif中那样对按钮也进行透视变换，只要按代码中所做的那样重写mousePressEvent、mouseReleaseEvent 和 paintEvent 即可，如果有对按钮使用qss，记得在paintEvent中加上super().paintEvent(e)，这样样式表才会起作用。总之框架已经给出，具体操作取决于你。如果你喜欢这篇博客的话，记得点个赞哦(oﾟ▽ﾟ)o 。顺便做个下期预告：在gif中可以看到界面切换时带了弹入弹出的动画，在下一篇博客中我会对如何实现QStackedWidget的界面切换动画进行介绍，敬请期待~~
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