一、ifconfig命令
ifconfig是linux中用于显示或配置网络设备(网络接口卡)的命令,英文全称是network interfaces configuring
1、ifconfig -a
[root@test1 yum.repos.d]# ifconfig -a
eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:0C:29:1F:06:D4
inet addr:192.168.1.108 Bcast:192.168.1.255 Mask:255.255.255.0
inet6 addr: fe80::20c:29ff:fe1f:6d4/64 Scope:Link
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
RX packets:227870 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:22314 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
RX bytes:29699855 (28.3 MiB) TX bytes:5637694 (5.3 MiB)
lo Link encap:Local Loopback
inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0
inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host
UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:65536 Metric:1
RX packets:184 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:184 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:0
RX bytes:12878 (12.5 KiB) TX bytes:12878 (12.5 KiB)
[root@test1 yum.repos.d]#
通过这个命令可以看到网卡的ip地址和mac地址,还可以看到lo回环地址。
第一行:连接类型:Ethernet(以太网)HWaddr(硬件mac地址)
第二行:网卡的IP地址、子网、掩码
第三行:UP(代表网卡开启状态)RUNNING(代表网卡的网线被接上)MULTICAST(支持组播)MTU:1500(最大传输单元):1500字节
第四、五行:接收、发送数据包情况统计
第七行:接收、发送数据字节数统计信息。
2、ifconfig interface [up|down] //启动接口或禁用接口
3、ifconfig interface IP/mask //为接口设置ip地址
4、ifconfig interface-alias IP/mask //为接口别名设置ip地址;立即生效
二、route
查看:route -n
添加:route add
route add [-net|-host] target [netmask Nm] [gw Gw] [[dev] If]
目标:192.168.1.3 网关:172.16.0.1
~]# route add -host 192.168.1.3 gw 172.16.0.1 dev eth0
目标:192.168.0.0 网关:172.16.0.1
~]# route add -net 192.168.0.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 gw 172.16.0.1 dev eth0
~]# route add -net 192.168.0.0/24 gw 172.16.0.1 dev eth0
默认路由,网关:172.16.0.1
~]# route add -net 0.0.0.0 netmask 0.0.0.0 gw 172.16.0.1
~]# route add default gw 172.16.0.1
删除:route del
route del [-net|-host] target [gw Gw] [netmask Nm] [[dev] If]
目标:192.168.1.3 网关:172.16.0.1
~]# route del -host 192.168.1.3
目标:192.168.0.0 网关:172.16.0.1
~]# route del -net 192.168.0.0 netmask 255.255.255.0
三、netstat
netstat - Print network connections, routing tables, interface statistics, masquerade connections, and multicast memberships
显示网络连接:
netstat [--tcp|-t] [--udp|-u] [--raw|-w] [--listening|-l] [--all|-a] [--numeric|-n] [--extend|-e[--extend|-e]] [--program|-p]
-t: tcp协议相关
-u: udp协议相关
-w: raw socket相关
-l: 处于监听状态
-a: 所有状态
-n: 以数字显示IP和端口;
-e:扩展格式
-p: 显示相关进程及PID
常用组合:
-tan, -uan, -tnl, -unl
显示路由表:
netstat {--route|-r} [--numeric|-n]
-r: 显示内核路由表
-n: 数字格式
显示接口统计数据:
netstat {--interfaces|-I|-i} [iface] [--all|-a] [--extend|-e] [--program|-p] [--numeric|-n]
# netstat -i
# netstat -I IFACE
四、ip
Linux的ip命令和ifconfig类似,但前者功能更强大,并旨在取代后者
ip - show / manipulate routing, devices, policy routing and tunnels
ip [ OPTIONS ] OBJECT { COMMAND | help }
OBJECT := { link | addr | route }
link OBJECT:
ip link - network device configuration
set
dev IFACE
可设置属性:
up and down:激活或禁用指定接口;
show
[dev IFACE]:指定接口
[up]:仅显示处于激活状态的接口
ip address - protocol address management
ip addr { add | del } IFADDR dev STRING
[label LABEL]:添加地址时指明网卡别名
[scope {global|link|host}]:指明作用域
global: 全局可用;
link: 仅链接可用;
host: 本机可用;
[broadcast ADDRESS]:指明广播地址
ip address show - look at protocol addresses
[dev DEVICE]
[label PATTERN]
[primary and secondary]
ip address flush - flush protocol addresses
使用格式同show
ip route - routing table management
ip route add
添加路由:ip route add TARGET via GW dev IFACE src SOURCE_IP
TARGET:
主机路由:IP
网络路由:NETWORK/MASK
添加网关:ip route add defalt via GW dev IFACE
ip route delete
删除路由:ip route del TARGET
ip route show
ip route flush
[dev IFACE]
[via PREFIX]
五、ss
ss是Socket Statistics的缩写。顾名思义,ss命令可以用来获取socket统计信息,它可以显示和netstat类似的内容。但ss的优势在于它能够显示更多更详细的有关TCP和连接状态的信息,而且比netstat更快速更高效。
格式:ss [OPTION]... [FILTER]
选项:
-t: tcp协议相关
-u: udp协议相关
-w: 裸套接字相关
-x:unix sock相关
-l: listen状态的连接
-a: 所有
-n: 数字格式
-p: 相关的程序及PID
-e: 扩展的信息
-m:内存用量
-o:计时器信息
运行结果一目了然,而且速度很快
[root@test1 yum.repos.d]# ss -tanlp
State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port
LISTEN 0 128 :::22 :::* users:(("sshd",1813,4))
LISTEN 0 128 *:22 *:* users:(("sshd",1813,3))
LISTEN 0 128 :::40470 :::* users:(("rpc.statd",1635,11))
LISTEN 0 128 127.0.0.1:631 *:* users:(("cupsd",1673,7))
LISTEN 0 128 ::1:631 :::* users:(("cupsd",1673,6))
LISTEN 0 100 ::1:25 :::* users:(("master",1990,13))
LISTEN 0 100 127.0.0.1:25 *:* users:(("master",1990,12))
LISTEN 0 128 :::58524 :::* users:(("rpc.mountd",3684,14))
LISTEN 0 64 :::2049 :::*
LISTEN 0 64 *:2049 *:*
LISTEN 0 128 :::45697 :::* users:(("rpc.mountd",3684,18))
LISTEN 0 64 *:42242 *:*
LISTEN 0 128 *:44843 *:* users:(("rpc.mountd",3684,16))
LISTEN 0 128 *:875 *:* users:(("rpc.rquotad",3679,4))
LISTEN 0 128 *:55244 *:* users:(("rpc.mountd",3684,8))
LISTEN 0 64 :::59629 :::*
LISTEN 0 128 *:33549 *:* users:(("rpc.mountd",3684,12))
LISTEN 0 128 *:53679 *:* users:(("rpc.statd",1635,9))
LISTEN 0 128 :::111 :::* users:(("rpcbind",1517,11))
LISTEN 0 128 *:111 *:* users:(("rpcbind",1517,8))
LISTEN 0 128 :::42480 :::* users:(("rpc.mountd",3684,10))
[root@test1 yum.repos.d]#
六、nmcli
nmcli [ OPTIONS ] OBJECT { COMMAND | help }
device - show and manage network interfaces
connection - start, stop, and manage network connections
如何修改IP地址等属性:
#nmcli connection modify IFACE [+|-]setting.property value
setting.property:
ipv4.addresses
ipv4.gateway
ipv4.dns1
ipv4.method
manual
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