一、打开文件
obj = open('文件路径','打开文件方式') 打开文件方式有: r:只读方式 r+:相当于rw w:写入方式 w+:仍然等于w,无意义 a:追加方式 a+:仍然等于a,无意义 open()是Python的内建函数,提供了初始化输入/输出(I/O)的操作通用接口,成功打开一个文件后返回一个对象,否则发生IOError异常,file()是一个工厂函数,与open方法一样,可以互换,但是一般推荐用open(),因为open()是Python内建函数。file后期会被合并掉其他函数内
引入两个方法:
obj.tell() tell 返回读取文件之前或者之后读/写指针的当前位置。(换句话说就是告诉你指针的位置) obj.seek() 在偏移设定该文件的当前位置。参数是可选的0 表示移动到一个绝对位置 (从文件开始算起),1 表示移到一个相对位置 (从当前位置算起)
示例代码如下:
obj = open('log.py','r') obj.seek(5) ---------->打开文件后将指针定位到第5个字节位置,便于下一个操作 print obj.tell() ------->打印指针的位置.(从5个字节位置开始读) print obj.read() ------->打印读取文件到最后 print obj.tell() ------->打印指针对位置 obj.close() --------->关闭文件
log.py内容如下:
11111111222222 输出结果:511122222216 以为r+形式打开文件 示例代码如下: __author__ = 'ryan'obj = open('log.py','r+')print obj.tell()obj.write('##########')obj.close()
log.py内容如下
1
111111122222222 执行上述代码,查看log.py内容 ##########2222222 说明以r+模式打开,写入内容时,如果直接从位置在文件开头(即0位置)那么就会从0位置开始覆盖以前的内容,写入内容有多少就覆盖掉多少;
再看下面代码,将指针位置移动到第8个字节的位置,然后再执行写入*
__author__ = 'ryan'obj = open('log.py','r+')print obj.seek(8) print obj.tell() obj.write('*************')obj.close()
查看log.py结果
########*************
从第8个位置开始写入星号(*)
接着再看下一段代码:(在上述代码中加入truncate())方法,同时将指针恢复到文件开始位置(即0位置)
__author__ = 'ryan'
obj = open('log.py','r+')print obj.tell() obj.write('@@@@@@') obj.truncate() obj.close()
再观察log.py内容如下:
@@@@@@
发现5个@符号之后的内容全部没有了,接截取了5个@符号之后的所有内容
再接着看下面代码:
obj = open('log.py','rb')print obj.tell()obj.write('@@@@@@')obj.truncate()obj.close()
其中'rb'是以二进制的方式读取文件,如果跨平台即要加上b,因为linux上文件都是以二进制进行存放的。而在windows上则需要加上b
小结:
操作文件时,一般需要经历如下步骤:
打开文件
操作文件
一、打开文件
1
文件句柄 = file('文件路径', '模式')
注:python中打开文件有两种方式,即:open(...) 和 file(...) ,本质上前者在内部会调用后者来进行文件操作,推荐使用 open。
打开文件时,需要指定文件路径和以何等方式打开文件,打开后,即可获取该文件句柄,日后通过此文件句柄对该文件操作。
打开文件的模式有:
r,只读模式(默认)。
w,只写模式。【不可读;不存在则创建;存在则删除内容;】
a,追加模式。【可读; 不存在则创建;存在则只追加内容;】
"+" 表示可以同时读写某个文件
r+,可读写文件。【可读;可写;可追加】
w+,写读
a+,同a
"U"表示在读取时,可以将 \r \n \r\n自动转换成 \n (与 r 或 r+ 模式同使用)
rU
r+U
"b"表示处理二进制文件(如:FTP发送上传ISO镜像文件,linux可忽略,windows处理二进制文件时需标注)
rb
wb
ab
二、操作文件
class file(object): def close(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 关闭文件 """ close() -> None or (perhaps) an integer. Close the file. Sets data attribute .closed to True. A closed file cannot be used for further I/O operations. close() may be called more than once without error. Some kinds of file objects (for example, opened by popen()) may return an exit status upon closing. """ def fileno(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 文件描述符 """ fileno() -> integer "file descriptor". This is needed for lower-level file interfaces, such os.read(). """ return 0 def flush(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 刷新文件内部缓冲区 """ flush() -> None. Flush the internal I/O buffer. """ pass def isatty(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 判断文件是否是同意tty设备 """ isatty() -> true or false. True if the file is connected to a tty device. """ return False def next(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 获取下一行数据,不存在,则报错 """ x.next() -> the next value, or raise StopIteration """ pass def read(self, size=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 读取指定字节数据 """ read([size]) -> read at most size bytes, returned as a string. If the size argument is negative or omitted, read until EOF is reached. Notice that when in non-blocking mode, less data than what was requested may be returned, even if no size parameter was given. """ pass def readinto(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 读取到缓冲区,不要用,将被遗弃 """ readinto() -> Undocumented. Don't use this; it may go away. """ pass def readline(self, size=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 仅读取一行数据 """ readline([size]) -> next line from the file, as a string. Retain newline. A non-negative size argument limits the maximum number of bytes to return (an incomplete line may be returned then). Return an empty string at EOF. """ pass def readlines(self, size=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 读取所有数据,并根据换行保存值列表 """ readlines([size]) -> list of strings, each a line from the file. Call readline() repeatedly and return a list of the lines so read. The optional size argument, if given, is an approximate bound on the total number of bytes in the lines returned. """ return [] def seek(self, offset, whence=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 指定文件中指针位置 """ seek(offset[, whence]) -> None. Move to new file position. Argument offset is a byte count. Optional argument whence defaults to 0 (offset from start of file, offset should be >= 0); other values are 1 (move relative to current position, positive or negative), and 2 (move relative to end of file, usually negative, although many platforms allow seeking beyond the end of a file). If the file is opened in text mode, only offsets returned by tell() are legal. Use of other offsets causes undefined behavior. Note that not all file objects are seekable. """ pass def tell(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 获取当前指针位置 """ tell() -> current file position, an integer (may be a long integer). """ pass def truncate(self, size=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 截断数据,仅保留指定之前数据 """ truncate([size]) -> None. Truncate the file to at most size bytes. Size defaults to the current file position, as returned by tell(). """ pass def write(self, p_str): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 写内容 """ write(str) -> None. Write string str to file. Note that due to buffering, flush() or close() may be needed before the file on disk reflects the data written. """ pass def writelines(self, sequence_of_strings): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 将一个字符串列表写入文件 """ writelines(sequence_of_strings) -> None. Write the strings to the file. Note that newlines are not added. The sequence can be any iterable object producing strings. This is equivalent to calling write() for each string. """ pass def xreadlines(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 可用于逐行读取文件,非全部 """ xreadlines() -> returns self. For backward compatibility. File objects now include the performance optimizations previously implemented in the xreadlines module. """ pass
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