Kubernetes无状态服务特征:
1)是指该服务运行的实例不会在本地存储需要持久化的数据,并且多个实例对于同一请求响应的结果是完全一致的;
2)多个实例可以共享相同的持久化数据。例如:nginx实例、tomcat实例等;
3)相关的Kubernetes资源有:ReplicaSet、ReplicationController、Deployment等,由于是无状态服务,所以这些控制器创建的Pod名称都是随机性的。并且在缩容时并不会明确缩容某一个Pod,而是随机的,因为所有实例得到的返回值都是一样的,所以缩容任何一个Pod都可以;
Kubernetes有状态服务特征:
1)有状态服务可以说是需要数据存储功能的服务、或者指多线程类型的服务、队列等。(比如:mysql数据库、kafka、zookeeper等);
2)每个实例都需要自己独立的持久化存储,并且在Kubernetes中通过声明模板的方式来进行定义。持久卷声明模板在创建pod之前创建,绑定到pod中,模板可以定义多个;
3)相关的Kubernetes资源有:StatefulSet。由于是有状态的服务,所以每个Pod都有特定的名称和网络标识。比如Pod名称是由StatefulSet名+有序的数字组成(0、1、2……);
4)在进行缩容操作时,可以明确知道会缩容那一个Pod,从数字最大的开始。并且StatefulSet在已有实例不健康的情况下是不允许做缩容操作的;
主要表现在以下方面:
1)实例数量:无状态服务可以有一个或多个实例,因此支持两种服务容量调节模式;有状态服务职能有一个实例,不允许创建多个实例,因此也不支持服务容量的调节;
2)存储卷:无状态服务可以有存储卷,也可以没有,即使有也无法备份存储卷中的数据;有状态服务必须要有存储卷,并且在创建服务时,必须指定该存储卷分配的磁盘空间大小;
3)数据存储: 无状态服务运行过程中的所有数据(除日志和监控数据)都存在容器实例里的文件系统中,如果实例停止或者删除,则这些数据都将丢失,无法找回;而对于有状态服务,凡是已经挂载了存储卷的目录下的文件内容都可以随时进行备份,备份的数据可以下载,也可以用于恢复新的服务。但对于没有挂载卷的目录下的数据,仍然是无法备份和保存的,如果实例停止或者删除,这些非挂载卷里的文件内容同样会丢失。
StatefulSet是Kubernetes提供的管理有状态应用的负载管理控制器API。在Pods管理的基础上,保证Pods的顺序和一致性。与Deployment一样,StatefulSet也是使用容器的Spec来创建Pod,与之不同StatefulSet创建的Pods在生命周期中会保持持久的标记(例如Pod Name)。
1)稳定的持久化存储,即Pod重新调度后还是能访问到相同的持久化数据,基于PVC来实现;
2)稳定的网络标志,即Pod重新调度后其PodName和HostName不变,基于Headless Service(即没有Cluster IP的Service)来实现;
3)有序部署,有序扩展,即Pod是有顺序的,在部署或者扩展的时候要依据定义的顺序依次依次进行(即从0到N-1,在下一个Pod运行之前所有之前的Pod必须都是Running和Ready状态),基于init containers来实现;
4)有序收缩,有序删除(即从N-1到0);
为了方便,就直接在master节点上部署NFS存储了!
[root@master ~]# yum -y install nfs-utils rpcbind
[root@master ~]# vim /etc/exports
/nfsdata *(rw,sync,no_root_squash)
[root@master ~]# mkdir /nfsdata
[root@master ~]# systemctl start nfs-server
[root@master ~]# systemctl start rpcbind
[root@master ~]# showmount -e
Export list for master:
/nfsdata *
[root@master ~]# vim rbac-rolebind.yaml
apiVersion: v1 #创建一个用于认证的服务账号
kind: ServiceAccount
metadata:
name: nfs-provisioner
---
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1 #创建群集规则
kind: ClusterRole
metadata:
name: nfs-provisioner-runner
rules:
- apiGroups: [""]
resources: ["persistentvolumes"]
verbs: ["get", "list", "watch", "create", "delete"]
- apiGroups: [""]
resources: ["persistentvolumeclaims"]
verbs: ["get", "list", "watch", "update"]
- apiGroups: ["storage.k8s.io"]
resources: ["storageclasses"]
verbs: ["get", "list", "watch"]
- apiGroups: [""]
resources: ["events"]
verbs: ["watch", "create", "update", "patch"]
- apiGroups: [""]
resources: ["services", "endpoints"]
verbs: ["get","create","list", "watch","update"]
- apiGroups: ["extensions"]
resources: ["podsecuritypolicies"]
resourceNames: ["nfs-provisioner"]
verbs: ["use"]
---
kind: ClusterRoleBinding #将服务认证用户与群集规则进行绑定
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
metadata:
name: run-nfs-provisioner
subjects:
- kind: ServiceAccount
name: nfs-provisioner
namespace: default #必写字段,否则会提示错误
roleRef:
kind: ClusterRole
name: nfs-provisioner-runner
apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
[root@master ~]# kubectl apply -f rbac-rolebind.yaml
[root@master ~]# vim nfs-deployment.yaml
apiVersion: extensions/v1beta1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
name: nfs-client-provisioner
spec:
replicas: 1 #指定副本数量为1
strategy:
type: Recreate #指定策略类型为重置
template:
metadata:
labels:
app: nfs-client-provisioner
spec:
serviceAccount: nfs-provisioner #指定rbac yanl文件中创建的认证用户账号
containers:
- name: nfs-client-provisioner
image: registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/open-ali/nfs-client-provisioner #使用的镜像
volumeMounts:
- name: nfs-client-root
mountPath: /persistentvolumes #指定容器内挂载的目录
env:
- name: PROVISIONER_NAME #容器内的变量用于指定提供存储的名称
value: lzj
- name: NFS_SERVER #容器内的变量用于指定nfs服务的IP地址
value: 192.168.1.1
- name: NFS_PATH #容器内的变量指定nfs服务器对应的目录
value: /nfsdata
volumes: #指定挂载到容器内的nfs的路径及IP
- name: nfs-client-root
nfs:
server: 192.168.1.1
path: /nfsdata
[root@master ~]# kubectl apply -f nfs-deployment.yaml
[root@master ~]# kubectl get pod
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
nfs-client-provisioner-66df958f9c-mbvhv 1/1 Running 0 2m34s
[root@master ~]# vim sc.yaml
apiVersion: storage.k8s.io/v1
kind: StorageClass
metadata:
name: stateful-nfs
namespace: xiaojiang-test
provisioner: lzj #这个要和nfs-client-provisioner的env环境变量中的PROVISIONER_NAME的value值对应。
reclaimPolicy: Retain #指定回收策略为Retain(手动释放)
[root@master ~]# kubectl apply -f sc.yaml
[root@master ~]# kubectl get StorageClass
NAME PROVISIONER AGE
stateful-nfs lzj 17s
[root@master ~]# vim statefulset.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
name: headless-svc #从名称就可以是无头服务
labels:
app: headless-svc
spec:
ports:
- port: 80
name: myweb
selector:
app: headless-pod
clusterIP: None #不分配群集的IP地址,所以不具备负载均衡的能力
---
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: StatefulSet #定义pod中运行的应用
metadata:
name: statefulset-test
spec:
serviceName: headless-svc
replicas: 3
selector:
matchLabels:
app: headless-pod
template:
metadata:
labels:
app: headless-pod
spec:
containers:
- image: httpd
name: myhttpd
ports:
- containerPort: 80
name: httpd
volumeMounts:
- mountPath: /usr/local/apache2/htdocs
name: test
volumeClaimTemplates: #定义创建PVC使用的模板
- metadata:
name: test
annotations: #这是指定storageclass
volume.beta.kubernetes.io/storage-class: stateful-nfs
spec:
accessModes:
- ReadWriteOnce
resources:
requests:
storage: 100Mi
[root@master ~]# kubectl apply -f statefulset.yaml
[root@master ~]# kubectl get pod
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
nfs-client-provisioner-66df958f9c-mbvhv 1/1 Running 0 10m
statefulset-test-0 1/1 Running 0 29s
statefulset-test-1 1/1 Running 0 18s
statefulset-test-2 1/1 Running 0 11s
[root@master ~]# kubectl get pv
[root@master ~]# kubectl get pvc #PV与PVC已经生成
[root@master ~]# ls /nfsdata/
default-test-statefulset-test-0-pvc-54d0b06c-698e-4f1a-8327-255b10978cbe
default-test-statefulset-test-1-pvc-1b499d49-a787-4f2b-b238-404b05f75fd7
default-test-statefulset-test-2-pvc-7766f8da-6f3b-4c1f-9eb8-dfadda1e656f
[root@master ~]# echo "hello world" > /nfsdata/default-test-statefulset-test-0-pvc-54d0b06c-698e-4f1a-8327-255b10978cbe/index.html
[root@master ~]# kubectl get pod -o wide | grep test-0
statefulset-test-0 1/1 Running 0 4m53s 10.244.2.4 node02 <none> <none>
[root@master ~]# curl 10.244.2.4
hello world
[root@master ~]# curl -I 10.244.2.4
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Date: Wed, 12 Feb 2020 09:52:04 GMT
Server: Apache/2.4.41 (Unix)
Last-Modified: Wed, 12 Feb 2020 09:45:37 GMT
ETag: "c-59e5dd5ac0a63"
Accept-Ranges: bytes
Content-Length: 12
Content-Type: text/html
#可以看出现在提供web页面的服务是Apache
[root@master ~]# vim statefulset.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
name: headless-svc
labels:
app: headless-svc
spec:
ports:
- port: 80
name: myweb
selector:
app: headless-pod
clusterIP: None
---
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: StatefulSet
metadata:
name: statefulset-test
spec:
updateStrategy:
rollingUpdate:
partition: 2 #指定并行升级的个数
serviceName: headless-svc
replicas: 10
selector:
matchLabels:
app: headless-pod
template:
metadata:
labels:
app: headless-pod
spec:
containers:
- image: nginx #更换扩容时使用的镜像
name: myhttpd
ports:
- containerPort: 80
name: httpd
volumeMounts:
- mountPath: /usr/share/nginx/html/ #更换容器中的主目录
name: test
volumeClaimTemplates:
- metadata:
name: test
annotations: #这是指定storageclass
volume.beta.kubernetes.io/storage-class: stateful-nfs
spec:
accessModes:
- ReadWriteOnce
resources:
requests:
storage: 100Mi
[root@master ~]# kubectl apply -f statefulset.yaml
[root@master ~]# kubectl get pod -o wide
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE IP NODE NOMINATED NODE READINESS GATES
nfs-client-provisioner-66df958f9c-mbvhv 1/1 Running 0 35m 10.244.2.2 node02 <none> <none>
statefulset-test-0 1/1 Running 0 21m 10.244.2.4 node02 <none> <none>
statefulset-test-1 1/1 Running 0 20m 10.244.1.4 node01 <none> <none>
statefulset-test-2 1/1 Running 0 3m52s 10.244.1.9 node01 <none> <none>
statefulset-test-3 1/1 Running 0 4m54s 10.244.2.5 node02 <none> <none>
statefulset-test-4 1/1 Running 0 4m43s 10.244.1.6 node01 <none> <none>
statefulset-test-5 1/1 Running 0 4m31s 10.244.2.6 node02 <none> <none>
statefulset-test-6 1/1 Running 0 4m25s 10.244.1.7 node01 <none> <none>
statefulset-test-7 1/1 Running 0 4m19s 10.244.2.7 node02 <none> <none>
statefulset-test-8 1/1 Running 0 4m12s 10.244.1.8 node01 <none> <none>
statefulset-test-9 1/1 Running 0 4m3s 10.244.2.8 node02 <none> <none>
[root@master ~]# ls /nfsdata/ | wc -l
10
[root@master ~]# curl -I 10.244.2.4
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Date: Wed, 12 Feb 2020 10:05:34 GMT
Server: Apache/2.4.41 (Unix)
Last-Modified: Wed, 12 Feb 2020 09:45:37 GMT
ETag: "c-59e5dd5ac0a63"
Accept-Ranges: bytes
Content-Length: 12
Content-Type: text/html
[root@master ~]# curl -I 10.244.2.8
HTTP/1.1 403 Forbidden
Server: nginx/1.17.8
Date: Wed, 12 Feb 2020 10:05:41 GMT
Content-Type: text/html
Content-Length: 153
Connection: keep-alive
由此可以看出在执行扩容操作时,并不会更改pod,这就是StatefulSet的特点!
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