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SQLAlchemy:
是一个ORM框架;
大量使用元编程;
编程时,先对象&关系映射,才能操作DB,已成为工业标准;
pip install sqlalchemy pymysql
pip show sqlalchemy
> import sqlalchemy
> sqlalchemy.__version__ #version check
开发中,一般都采用ORM框架,这样就可使用对象操作表了;
定义表映射的类,使用Column的描述器定义类属性,使用ForeignKey定义外键约束;
如果在一个对象中,想查看其它表对象的内容,就要使用relationship来定义关系;
是否使用FK?
支持,力挺派,能使数据保证完整性、一致性;
不支持,嫌弃派,开发难度增加,大量数据时影响插入、修改、删除的效率;
通常要在业务层保证数据一致性(事务);
注:
账号密码授权,若为前端用户,仅用来查数据,用grant select即可,不要grant all;
UML,统一建模语言;
navicat mysql,右键库或表,转储SQL文件,结构和数据;若仅导出结构,导出前要删除相关表中数据;
oralce中没有自增,用到sequence,from sqlalchemy import Sequence
创建映射:
创建基类Base,便于实体类继承;
创建实体类,Student表;
from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
Base = declarative_base() #基类,创建基类,一次性的
from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String
class Student(Base): #实体类,declare a mapping
__tablename__ = 'student' #指定表名,必须写,防止忘记对应的表
id = Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)) #定义属性对应字段,第1参数是字段名,如果和属性名一致可省,如果和属性名不一致要指定;Column类指定对应的字段,必须指定,Column即上例的Field;此处'id'可省,Integer为type不能省
name = Column(String(64), nullable=False)
age = Column(Integer)
def __repr__(self):
return '<{} id:{} name:{} age:{}>'.format(self.__class__.__name__, self.id, self.name, self.age)
__str__ = __repr__
数据库连接的事情,交给引擎;
echo=True,引擎是否打印执行的语句,调试时打开很方便;
mysqldb的连接:
mysql+mysqldb://<user>:<password>@<host>[:port]/<dbname>
engine = sqlalchemy.create_engine('mysql+mysqldb://root:rootqazwsx@10.113.129.2:3306/test1')
pymysql的连接:
mysql+pymysql://<username>:<password>@<host>:<port>/<dbname>[?<options>],options为与DB连接相关的选项
engine = sqlalchemy.create_engine('mysql+pymysql://root:rootqazwsx@10.113.129.2:3306/test1')
engine-configuration:
注:
内部使用了连接池;
dialect,方言,sql差异;
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
host = '10.113.129.2'
port = 3306
user = 'root'
password = 'rootqazwsx'
database = 'test1'
conn_str = 'mysql+pymysql://{}:{}@{}:{}/{}'.format(user, password, host, port, database)
# engine = create_engine('mysql+pymysql://root:rootqazwsx@10.113.129.2:3306/test1', echo=True) #
engine = create_engine(conn_str, echo=True) #引擎,管理连接池,connecting;echo=True,执行的语句是否打印,可在配置文件中全局设置,调试时打开
Base.metadata.drop_all(engine) #删除继承自Base的所有表
Base.metadata.create_all(engine) #create a schema,创建继承自Base的所有表;Base.metadata中有一张表记录着所有用Base创建的实体类(实体类继承自Base),遍历所有实体类,将查到的定义信息填到创建表的语句中;engine的echo=True,打开,执行后会有建表语句;创建表,共用的功能,而子类上是个性化的功能
注:
生产很少这样创建表,都是系统上线时由脚本生成,如用navicat mysql在测试里右键库或表,转储SQL文件,再导入到生产里;
生产很少删除表,废弃都不能删除;
在一个会话中操作数据库,会话建立在连接上,连接被引擎管理;
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker
Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine) #方式一;返回类;另,autoflush=False,autocommit=False
session = Session()实例化,session.add(),session.add_all(),session.commit(),session.rollback(),session.query(),session.cursor,session.execute()执行原生sql
# Session = sessionmaker() #方式二
# session = Session(bind=engine)
注:
class sessionmaker(_SessionClassMethods):
def __init__(self, bind=None, class_=Session, autoflush=True,
autocommit=False,
expire_on_commit=True,
info=None, **kw):
例,增:
try:
stu1 = Student()
stu1.name = 'tom' #属性赋值
stu1.age = 20
# student.id = 100 #有自增字段和有默认值的可不加
# session.add(stu1)状态为pending
stu2 = Student(name='jerry', age=18) #构造的时候传入
session.add_all([stu1, stu2])状态为pending
# lst = []
# for i in range(10):
# stu = Student()
# stu.name = 'jessica' + str(i)
# stu.age = 20 + i
# lst.append(stu)
# session.add_all(lst)
session.commit()
except Exception as e:
print(e)
session.rollback()
finally:
pass
输出:
2018-10-10 17:04:18,319 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'sql_mode'
2018-10-10 17:04:18,320 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine {}
2018-10-10 17:04:18,333 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine SELECT DATABASE()
2018-10-10 17:04:18,333 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine {}
2018-10-10 17:04:18,355 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine show collation where `Charset` = 'utf8' and `Collation` = 'utf8_bin'
2018-10-10 17:04:18,355 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine {}
2018-10-10 17:04:18,371 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine SELECT CAST('test plain returns' AS CHAR(60)) AS anon_1
2018-10-10 17:04:18,371 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine {}
2018-10-10 17:04:18,382 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine SELECT CAST('test unicode returns' AS CHAR(60)) AS anon_1
2018-10-10 17:04:18,382 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine {}
2018-10-10 17:04:18,393 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine SELECT CAST('test collated returns' AS CHAR CHARACTER SET utf8) COLLATE utf8_bin AS anon_1
2018-10-10 17:04:18,393 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine {}
2018-10-10 17:04:18,414 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine DESCRIBE `student`
2018-10-10 17:04:18,414 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine {}
2018-10-10 17:04:18,430 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine
DROP TABLE student
2018-10-10 17:04:18,430 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine {}
2018-10-10 17:04:18,447 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine COMMIT
2018-10-10 17:04:18,468 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine DESCRIBE `student`
2018-10-10 17:04:18,468 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine {}
2018-10-10 17:04:18,482 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine ROLLBACK
2018-10-10 17:04:18,494 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine
CREATE TABLE student (
id INTEGER NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
name VARCHAR(64) NOT NULL,
age INTEGER,
PRIMARY KEY (id)
)
2018-10-10 17:04:18,494 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine {}
2018-10-10 17:04:18,537 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine COMMIT
2018-10-10 17:04:18,562 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine BEGIN (implicit)
2018-10-10 17:04:18,563 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine INSERT INTO student (name, age) VALUES (%(name)s, %(age)s)
2018-10-10 17:04:18,563 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine {'age': 20, 'name': 'tom'}
2018-10-10 17:04:18,574 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine INSERT INTO student (name, age) VALUES (%(name)s, %(age)s) #用了参数化查询
2018-10-10 17:04:18,574 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine {'age': 18, 'name': 'jerry'}
2018-10-10 17:04:18,586 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine COMMIT
CRUD操作;
每一个实体都有一个状态属性_sa_instance_state,其类型是sqlalchemy.orm.state.InstanceState,可使用sqlalchemy.inspect(entity)函数查看状态;
常见的状态有:
transient(短暂的,路过的),实体类尚未加入到session中,同时并没有保存到数据库中;
pending(未决定的,行将发生的),transient的实体被add()到session中,状态切换为pending,但还未flush到DB中;
persistent(持久稳固的,坚持的,固执的),session中的实体对象对应着DB中的真实记录,pending状态在提交成功后变为persistent状态,或查询成功返回的实体也是persistent状态;
deleted(已删除的),实体被删除且已flush但未commit完成,事务提交成功了,实体变成detached,事务失败返回persistent状态;
detached(单独的,冷漠的,超然而客观的),删除成功的实体进入这个状态;
新建一个实体,状态是transient临时的;
一旦add()后,由transient-->pending;
成功commit()后,由pending-->persistent;
成功查询返回的实体对象,也是persistent;
persistent状态的实体,依然是persistent状态;
persistent状态的实体,删除后,已flush但没commit(),转为deleted,事务成功提交,转为detached,事务提交失败,转为persistent;
只有在persistent状态的实体,才能delete和update,即删除、修改操作,;
例,commit()后的增:
try:
stu1 = Student()
stu1.name = 'tom'
stu1.age = 20
# student.id = 100
print(stu1.id)
session.add(stu1)
# stu2 = Student(name='jerry', age=18)
# session.add_all([stu1, stu2])
session.commit()
print('~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~')
print('@@@@@@@', stu1.id)
stu1.age = 22 #session.commit()后再改,会先查询
session.add(stu1) #再次session.add()和session.commit(),由于id为PK且自增,无论有无stu1.age=22都会新增一条记录;若id不是自增,有stu1.age=22则是update一条记录
session.commit() #始终与状态有关,感知到stu1有变化才会提交,能否提交成功看stu1有无变化,有变化了才提交(id为autoincrement,此例只要执行就会新增一条记录);stu1主键没有值,就是新增,主键有值,就是找到对应的记录修改
except Exception as e:
print(e)
session.rollback()
finally:
pass
输出:
……
2018-10-10 21:20:13,812 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine {}
None
2018-10-10 21:20:13,839 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine BEGIN (implicit)
2018-10-10 21:20:13,840 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine INSERT INTO student (name, age) VALUES (%(name)s, %(age)s)
2018-10-10 21:20:13,841 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine {'age': 20, 'name': 'tom'}
2018-10-10 21:20:13,852 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine COMMIT
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
2018-10-10 21:20:13,881 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine BEGIN (implicit)
2018-10-10 21:20:13,881 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine SELECT student.id AS student_id, student.name AS student_name, student.age AS student_age
FROM student
WHERE student.id = %(param_1)s
2018-10-10 21:20:13,881 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine {'param_1': 16}
@@@@@@@ 16
2018-10-10 21:20:13,894 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine UPDATE student SET age=%(age)s WHERE student.id = %(student_id)s
2018-10-10 21:20:13,894 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine {'age': 22, 'student_id': 16}
2018-10-10 21:20:13,909 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine COMMIT
例,简单查询:
try:
queryobj = session.query(Student).filter(Student.id==8) #query()方法将实体类传入,返回类对象(是可迭代对象,查看源码有__iter__()),这时候并不查询,迭代它就执行sql来查询数据库,封装数据到指定类的实例;get()方法使用主键查询,返回一条传入类的一个实例
# queryobj = session.query(Student) #无条件
for i in queryobj:
print('########', i)
except Exception as e:
print(e)
输出:
……
2018-10-10 22:42:32,931 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine SELECT student.id AS student_id, student.name AS student_name, student.age AS student_age
FROM student
WHERE student.id = %(id_1)s
2018-10-10 22:42:32,931 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine {'id_1': 8}
######## <Student id:8 name:tom age:26>
例,改,错误示例:
try:
stu1 = Student()
stu1.id = 2 #这种不是改,而是是一个全新的stu1,如果该id已有,会PK冲突;正确改的做法,先查再改,得到PK才能改
stu1.name = 'jerry'
stu1.age = 28
session.add(stu1)
session.commit()
except Exception as e:
print(e)
session.rollback()
finally:
pass
输出:
2018-10-11 08:07:21,772 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine BEGIN (implicit)
2018-10-11 08:07:21,773 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine INSERT INTO student (id, name, age) VALUES (%(id)s, %(name)s, %(age)s)
2018-10-11 08:07:21,773 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine {'age': 28, 'id': 2, 'name': 'jerry'}
2018-10-11 08:07:21,785 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine ROLLBACK
(pymysql.err.IntegrityError) (1062, "Duplicate entry '2' for key 'PRIMARY'") [SQL: 'INSERT INTO student (id, name, age) VALUES (%(id)s, %(name)s, %(age)s)'] [parameters: {'age': 28, 'id': 2, 'name': 'jerry'}]
例,改:
先查回来,修改后,再提交;
改不能改PK字段;
先SELECT再UPDATE;
try:
stu1 = session.query(Student).get(2)
print('$$$$$$$', stu1)
stu1.name = 'jowin'
stu1.age = 28
print('#######', stu1)
session.add(stu1)
session.commit()
except Exception as e:
print(e)
session.rollback()
finally:
pass
输出:
2018-10-11 08:39:56,595 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine SELECT student.id AS student_id, student.name AS student_name, student.age AS student_age
FROM student
WHERE student.id = %(param_1)s
2018-10-11 08:39:56,595 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine {'param_1': 2}
$$$$$$$ <Student id:2 name:tom age:24>
####### <Student id:2 name:jowin age:28>
2018-10-11 08:39:56,607 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine UPDATE student SET name=%(name)s, age=%(age)s WHERE student.id = %(student_id)s
2018-10-11 08:39:56,608 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine {'age': 28, 'student_id': 2, 'name': 'jowin'}
2018-10-11 08:39:56,619 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine COMMIT
例,删,错误示例:
try:
stu1 = Student(id=2, name='sam', age=26)
session.delete(stu1)
session.commit()
except Exception as e:
print(e)
session.rollback()
finally:
pass
输出:
Instance '<Student at 0xa59438>' is not persisted #未持久的异常
例,删:
正确做法,先查再删;
from sqlalchemy import inspect
try:
stu1 = session.query(Student).get(2)
session.delete(stu1)
print('$$$$$$$$$$$$', inspect(stu1))
session.commit()
print('##########', inspect(stu1))
except Exception as e:
print(e)
session.rollabck()
finally:
pass
输出:
2018-10-11 08:52:12,317 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine SELECT student.id AS student_id, student.name AS student_name, student.age AS student_age
FROM student
WHERE student.id = %(param_1)s
2018-10-11 08:52:12,318 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine {'param_1': 2}
$$$$$$$$$$$$ <sqlalchemy.orm.state.InstanceState object at 0x000000000401B400>
2018-10-11 08:52:12,330 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine DELETE FROM student WHERE student.id = %(id)s
2018-10-11 08:52:12,330 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine {'id': 2}
2018-10-11 08:52:12,342 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine COMMIT
########## <sqlalchemy.orm.state.InstanceState object at 0x000000000401B400>
例,删:
from sqlalchemy import inspect
def show(entity):
ins = inspect(entity)
print('~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~', ins.transient, ins.pending, ins.persistent, ins.detached)
try:
# print('~~~~~~~~~~~~~', Student.__dict__)
stu1 = session.query(Student).get(4)
session.delete(stu1)
# ins = inspect(stu1)
# print('$$$$$$$$$$$$', ins)
show(stu1)
session.commit()
# ins = inspect(stu1)
# print('##########', ins)
show(stu1)
except Exception as e:
print(e)
session.rollabck()
finally:
pass
输出:
018-10-11 14:40:28,111 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine SELECT student.id AS student_id, student.name AS student_name, student.age AS student_age
FROM student
WHERE student.id = %(param_1)s
2018-10-11 14:40:28,111 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine {'param_1': 4}
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ False False True False
2018-10-11 14:40:28,126 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine DELETE FROM student WHERE student.id = %(id)s
2018-10-11 14:40:28,126 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine {'id': 4}
2018-10-11 14:40:28,152 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine COMMIT
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ False False False True
总结:
config.py
USERNAME = 'blog'
PASSWD = 'blog'
IP = '10.10.103.8'
PORT = '3306'
DBNAME = 'blog'
PARAMS = 'charset=utf8mb4'
URL = 'mysql+pymysql://{}:{}@{}:{}/{}?{}'.format(USERNAME, PASSWD, IP, PORT, DBNAME, PARAMS)
DB_DEBUG = True
models.py
from . import config
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, BigInteger, DateTime
from sqlalchemy import ForeignKey, UniqueConstraint, PrimaryKeyConstraint
from sqlalchemy.orm import relationship, sessionmaker
from sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql import LONGTEXT, TINYINT
Base = declarative_base()
class User(Base):创建表
__tablename__ = 'user'
id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
name = Column(String(48), nullable=False)
password = Column(String(128), nullable=False)
email = Column(String(64), nullable=False, unique=True)
def __repr__(self):
return '<User (id={}, name={}, email={})>'.format(self.id, self.name, self.email)
engine = create_engine(config.URL, echo=config.DB_DEBUG)
def create_all():
Base.metadata.create_all(engine)一旦使用该方法将模型映射到数据库后,即使改变了模型的字段,也不会重新映射了
def drop_all():
Base.metadata.drop_all(engine)
Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
session = Session()使用orm对DB操作必须通过session对象实现
注:
conn = engine.connect() #调用引擎的connect()得到一个对象
result = conn.execute('select version()') #通过conn对象就可对DB进行操作
print(result.fetchone())
Column常用属性:
default: 默认值
nullable: 是否可空
primary_key: 是否为主键
unique: 是否唯一
autoincrement: 是否自增长
name: 该属性再数据库中的字段映射
onupdate: 当数据更新时会自动使用这个属性,比如update_time = Colum(DateTime, notallow=datetime.now, default=datetime.now)
常用数据类型:
Integer: 整型
Float: 浮点型,后面只会保留4位小数,会有精度丢失问题,占据32位
Double: 双精度浮点类型,占据64位,也会存在精度丢失问题
DECIMAL: 定点类型,解决浮点类型精度丢失问题;如果精度要求高,比如金钱,则适合用此类型
Boolean: 传递True/False进行
enum: 枚举类型
Date: 传递datetime.date()进去
Datetime: 传递datetime.datetme()进去
Time: 传递datetime.time()进去
String: 字符类型,使用时需要指定长度,区别于Text类型
Text: 文本类型,一般可以存储6w多个字符
LONGTEXT: 长文本类型
from sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql import LONGTEXT
因为LONGTEXT只在MySQL数据库中存在
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