博文结构
Nginx介绍
Nginx的核心特点
Nginx平滑升级
修改Nginx版本信息
Nginx虚拟主机配置
nginx配置文件location选项的作用
配置https访问nginx
开启Nginx访问认证
Nginx是一款轻量级的网页服务器、反向代理服务器以及电子邮件代理服务器。因它的稳定性、丰富的功能集、实例配置文件和低系统资源消耗而闻名。
Nginx已经在俄罗斯最大的门户网站上运行,同时俄罗斯有超过20%的虚拟主机平台采用Nginx作为反向代理服务器;在国内,Nginx已经运行在淘宝、新浪、网易等多家网站使用Nginx作为Web服务器或反向代理服务器。
(1)跨平台:Nginx 可以在大多数 OS 编译运行,而且也有 Windows 的版本
(2)配置异常简单:非常容易上手
(3)非阻塞、高并发连接:官方测试能够支撑 5 万并发连接,在实际生产环境中跑到 2~3 万并发连接数。(这得益于 Nginx 使用了最新的 epoll 模型)
(4)事件驱动:采用 epoll 模型,支持更大的并发连接
(5)Master/Worker 结构:一个 master 进程,生成一个或多个 worker 进程
(6)内存消耗小:处理大并发的请求内存消耗非常小。在 3 万并发连接下,开启的 10 个 Nginx 进程才消耗 150M 内存(15Mx10=150M)
(7)内置的健康检查功能:如果 Nginx 代理的后端的某台 Web 服务器宕机了,不会影响 前端访问。
(8)节省带宽:支持 GZIP 压缩,可以添加浏览器本地缓存的 Header 头。 (9)稳定性高:用于反向代理,宕机的概率微乎其微
下载软件包
[root@localhost ~]# yum -y install pcre-devel openssl-devel
[root@localhost ~]# tar zxf nginx-1.14.0.tar.gz
[root@localhost ~]# tar zxf nginx-1.2.4.tar.gz
[root@localhost nginx-1.14.0]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/nginx --with-http_ssl_module && make && make install
[root@localhost nginx-1.14.0]# ln -s /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx /usr/local/sbin/
[root@localhost nginx-1.14.0]# nginx
[root@localhost nginx-1.14.0]# useradd nginx -s /sbin/nologin -M
[root@localhost nginx-1.2.4]# cd nginx-1.2.4/
[root@localhost nginx-1.2.4]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/nginx --with-http_ssl_module && make
[root@localhost nginx-1.2.4]# mv /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx.old
[root@localhost nginx-1.2.4]# cp objs/nginx /usr/local/nginx/sbin/
[root@localhost nginx-1.2.4]# netstat -anpt | grep nginx
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:80 0.0.0.0: LISTEN 17739/nginx: master
[root@localhost nginx-1.2.4]# kill -USR2 17739
[root@localhost nginx-1.2.4]# nginx -s reload
[root@localhost ~]# kill -QUIT 17739
////平滑的关闭旧版的nginx进程
[root@localhost nginx-1.2.4]# nginx -V \\查看版本
nginx version: nginx/1.2.4
built by gcc 4.8.5 20150623 (Red Hat 4.8.5-11) (GCC)
TLS SNI support enabled
configure arguments: --prefix=/usr/local/nginx --with-http_ssl_module
QUIT 平滑关闭
HUP 平滑重启,重新加载配置文件
USR1 重新打开日志文件
USR2 平滑升级可执行程序
WINCH 平滑关闭工作进程
[root@localhost ~]# vim /usr/src/nginx-1.2.4/src/core//nginx.h
……………… //省略部分内容
#define nginx_version 1002004
#define NGINX_VERSION "8.8.8.8" //根据实际情况修改为自己想要的信息
#define NGINX_VER "xws/" NGINX_VERSION //同上,注意修改完的lzj
[root@localhost ~]# vim /usr/src/nginx-1.2.4/src/http/ngx_http_header_filter_module.c
……………… //省略部分内容
static char ngx_http_server_string[] = "Server: xws" CRLF; //与上一个文件中修改的名称一样(lzj)
static char ngx_http_server_full_string[] = "Server: " NGINX_VER CRLF;
[root@localhost ~]# vim /usr/src/nginx-1.2.4/src/http/ngx_http_special_response.c
……………… //省略部分内容
static u_char ngx_http_error_tail[] =
"<hr><center>xws</center>" CRLF //注意与上两个文件中修改的lzj要一致
"</body>" CRLF
"</html>" CRLF
;
[root@localhost ~]# cd /usr/src/nginx-1.2.4/
[root@localhost nginx-1.2.4]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/nginx --with-http_ssl_module && make
[root@localhost ~]# mv /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx.bak
[root@localhost ~]# cp /usr/src/nginx-1.2.4/objs/nginx /usr/local/nginx/sbin/
[root@localhost ~]# nginx -s stop //停止nginx服务
[root@localhost ~]# nginx //开启nginx服务
[root@localhost ~]# curl -I 127.0.0.1
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Server: xws/8.8.8.8 //查看版本信息
Date: Sat, 30 Nov 2019 15:06:32 GMT
Content-Type: text/html
Content-Length: 612
Last-Modified: Sat, 30 Nov 2019 14:42:09 GMT
Connection: keep-alive
Accept-Ranges: bytes
[root@localhost ~]# vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf \\在http中加入以下
http {
include mime.types;
default_type application/octet-stream;
server { \\从这里开始加
listen 80;
server_name www.accp.com;
location / {
root /accp;
index index.html index.htm;
}
}
server {
listen 80;
server_name www.bdqn.com;
location / {
root /bdqn;
index index.html index.htm;
}
}
[root@localhost ~]# mkdir /bdqn
[root@localhost ~]# mkdir /accp
[root@localhost ~]# vim /bdqn/index.html
www.bdqn.com
[root@localhost ~]# vim /accp/index.html
www.accp.com
[root@localhost ~]# nginx -s reload
[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/hosts
192.168.148.130 www.bdqn.com
192.168.148.130 www.accp.com
[root@localhost ~]# curl www.bdqn.com
www.dbqn.com
[root@localhost ~]# curl www.accp.com
www.accp.com
root:实际访问的文件会被拼接URL的路径
alias:实际访问的文件路径不会拼接URL的路径
[root@localhost /]# vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
location ^~ /www {
root /var/www/html;
//当访问192.168.148.130/www/时,寻找/var/www/html下的www目录下的文件
index index.html index.htm;
}
[root@localhost /]# mkdir -p /var/www/html/www/
[root@localhost /]# vim /var/www/html/www/index.html
www
[root@localhost /]# nginx -s reload
访问如下:
[root@localhost /]# vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
location ^~ /test {
alias /var/www/html;
\\寻找/var/www/html下的网页文件
index index.html index.htm;
}
[root@localhost /]# vim /var/www/html/index.html
test
[root@localhost /]# nginx -s reload
访问如下:
[root@localhost /]# vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
location ~* \.(gif|jpg|jpeg|png|css|js|ico)$ {
root /webroot/res/;
\\当访问以上内容结尾的页面就会去找//webroot/res路径下的文件
index index.html index.htm;
}
[root@localhost /]# mkdir /webroot/res -p
[root@localhost /]# mv u=3485698722\,1702346544\&fm\=26\&gp\=0.jpg /webroot/res/a.png
[root@localhost /]# ls /webroot/res
a.png
[root@localhost /]# nginx -s reload
[root@localhost /]# vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
location ~* .(gif|jpg|jpeg|png|css|js|ico)$ {
\\这个加入上面的命令上面,要不容易报错
rewrite .(gif|jpg) /error.png;
}
[root@localhost /]# mv xxx.jfif /usr/local/nginx/html/error.png
[root@localhost /]# ls /usr/local/nginx/html/
[root@localhost /]# nginx -s reload
开启nginx的https功能,需要编译是添加选项- -with-http_ ssl module
[root@localhost ca]# mkdir /usr/local/nginx/ca
[root@localhost ca]# cd /usr/local/nginx/ca/
[root@localhost ca]# openssl genrsa -out ca.key 4096
\\一下内容随便填
Generating RSA private key, 4096 bit long modulus
......................................++
.......................++
e is 65537 (0x10001)
[root@localhost ca]# openssl req -new -x509 -days 7304 -key ca.key -out ca.crt
You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated
into your certificate request.
What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN.
There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank
For some fields there will be a default value,
If you enter '.', the field will be left blank.
-----
Country Name (2 letter code) [XX]:aa
State or Province Name (full name) []:cc
Locality Name (eg, city) [Default City]:vv
Organization Name (eg, company) [Default Company Ltd]:as
Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:df
Common Name (eg, your name or your server's hostname) []:ff
Email Address []:asd
[root@localhost ca]# ls
ca.crt ca.key
[root@localhost ca]# nginx -s stop
[root@localhost ca]# nginx
[root@localhost ca]# vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
server { \\原来的server中添加如下:
listen 443 ssl;
server_name localhost;
ssl_certificate /usr/local/nginx/ca/ca.crt; \\证书存放的路径
ssl_certificate_key /usr/local/nginx/ca/ca.key; \\密钥存放路径
ssl_session_cache shared:SSL:1m;
ssl_session_timeout 5m;
access_log /usr/local/nginx/logs/https-access.log;
nginx使用http2版本,需要nginx版本在1. 10以上,安装时需要添加编译选项--with-http v2 module
http2.0版本只能在https上使用,修改上- -步配置文件listen 443 ssl http2;
[root@localhost nginx-1.14.0]# cd nginx-1.14.0/
[root@localhost nginx-1.14.0]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/nginx --with-http_ssl_module --with-http_v2_module
[root@localhost nginx-1.14.0]# make
//开启nginx认证页面 需要使用htpasswd命令生成用户信息
[root@localhost /]# yum -y install httpd-tools
[root@localhost ~]# htpasswd -c /usr/local/nginx/.passwd xws
New password:
Re-type new password:
Adding password for user xws
//用户认证信息存放路径是/usr/local/nginx/.passwd
//若要向.passwd中添加第二个用户,需要省略“-c”选项,否则会覆盖之前的所有用户。
[root@localhost ~]# vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
............... //省略部分内容
location / {
root html;
index index.html index.htm;
auth_basic "请输入登录账号"; //添加提示语句
auth_basic_user_file /usr/local/nginx/.passwd; //认证信息存放路径
}
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