下文给大家带来Nginx负载均衡的实现原理和动静分离的分析介绍,希望能够给大家在实际运用中带来一定的帮助,负载均衡涉及的东西比较多,理论也不多,网上有很多书籍,今天我们就用亿速云在行业内累计的经验来做一个解答。
Nginx应用
目前很多大型网站都应用Nginx服务器作为后端网站程序的反向代理及负载均衡器,提升整个站点的负载并发能力
配置后端服务器池,以提供响应数据
配置将访问请求转发给后端服务器池的服务器处理
服务端接收来自客户端的请求中,既有静态资源也有动态资源
Nginx服务器:192.168.52.135
Tomcat服务器1:192.168.52.134
Tomcat服务器2:192.168.52.150
[root@tomcat1 ~]# mkdir /mnt/tools //创建挂载目录
[root@tomcat1 ~]# mount.cifs //192.168.100.100/tools /mnt/tools/ //挂载共享工具包
Password for root@//192.168.100.100/tools:
[root@tomcat1 ~]# cd /mnt/tools/tomcat/ //切换到挂载目录
[root@tomcat1 tomcat]# ls
12D18CFCD6599AFF0445766ACC4CA231C5025773.torrent apache-jmeter-5.1.zip jdk-8u201-linux-x64.rpm
apache-jmeter-5.1 apache-tomcat-9.0.16.tar.gz tomcat优化压测.jmx
[root@tomcat1 tomcat]#
[root@tomcat1 tomcat]# rpm -ivh jdk-8u201-linux-x64.rpm //直接安装rpm包
[root@tomcat1 tomcat]# cd /usr/java/jdk1.8.0_201-amd64/ //切换目录
[root@tomcat1 jdk1.8.0_201-amd64]# vim /etc/profile //修改系统环境变量文件
##文件末尾添加环境变量
export JAVA_HOME=/usr/java/jdk1.8.0_201-amd64
export CLASSPATH=$JAVA_HOME/lib/tools.jar:$JAVA_HOME/lib/dt.jar
export PATH=$JAVA_HOME/bin:$PATH
[root@tomcat1 jdk1.8.0_201-amd64]# source /etc/profile //重新加载配置文件
[root@tomcat1 jdk1.8.0_201-amd64]# java -version //查看版本
java version "1.8.0_201"
Java(TM) SE Runtime Environment (build 1.8.0_201-b09)
Java HotSpot(TM) 64-Bit Server VM (build 25.201-b09, mixed mode)
[root@tomcat1 jdk1.8.0_201-amd64]#
[root@tomcat1 jdk1.8.0_201-amd64]# cd /mnt/tools/tomcat/ //切换到挂载目录
[root@tomcat1 tomcat]# tar zxf apache-tomcat-9.0.16.tar.gz -C /opt/ //解压到“/opt/”目录
[root@tomcat1 tomcat]# mv /opt/apache-tomcat-9.0.16/ /usr/local/tomcat9 //移动到“/usr/local/”目录并重命名
[root@tomcat1 bin]# ln -s /usr/local/tomcat9/bin/startup.sh /usr/bin/ //建立启动脚本软链接
[root@tomcat1 bin]# ln -s /usr/local/tomcat9/bin/shutdown.sh /usr/bin/ //建立关闭脚本软链接
[root@tomcat1 bin]#
[root@tomcat1 bin]# startup.sh //开启Tomcat服务
Using CATALINA_BASE: /usr/local/tomcat9
Using CATALINA_HOME: /usr/local/tomcat9
Using CATALINA_TMPDIR: /usr/local/tomcat9/temp
Using JRE_HOME: /usr/java/jdk1.8.0_201-amd64
Using CLASSPATH: /usr/local/tomcat9/bin/bootstrap.jar:/usr/local/tomcat9/bin/tomcat-juli.jar
Tomcat started.
[root@tomcat1 bin]#
[root@tomcat1 bin]# netstat -ntap | grep 8080 //查看端口
tcp6 0 0 :::8080 :::* LISTEN 19488/java
[root@tomcat1 bin]#
[root@tomcat1 bin]# systemctl stop firewalld.service //关闭防火墙
[root@tomcat1 bin]# setenforce 0 //关闭增强性安全功能
[root@tomcat1 bin]#
[root@tomcat1 bin]# mkdir -pv /web/webapp1 //创建站点目录
mkdir: 已创建目录 "/web"
mkdir: 已创建目录 "/web/webapp1"
[root@tomcat1 bin]# vim /web/webapp1/index.jsp //添加首页文件
<%@ page language="java" import="java.util.*" pageEncoding="UTF-8"%>
<html>
<head>
<title>JSP test1 page</title>
</head>
<body>
<% out.println("Welcome to test site,http://www.test1.com");%>
</body>
</html>
[root@tomcat1 bin]# cd ../conf/ //切换目录
[root@tomcat1 conf]# vim server.xml //修改配置文件
<Host name="localhost" appBase="webapps"
unpackWARs="true" autoDeploy="true">
##在Host标签里,添加下面内容
<Context docBase="/web/webapp1" path="" reloadable="false">
</Context>
[root@tomcat1 conf]# shutdown.sh //关闭服务
Using CATALINA_BASE: /usr/local/tomcat9
Using CATALINA_HOME: /usr/local/tomcat9
Using CATALINA_TMPDIR: /usr/local/tomcat9/temp
Using JRE_HOME: /usr/java/jdk1.8.0_201-amd64
Using CLASSPATH: /usr/local/tomcat9/bin/bootstrap.jar:/usr/local/tomcat9/bin/tomcat-juli.jar
[root@tomcat1 conf]# startup.sh //开启服务
Using CATALINA_BASE: /usr/local/tomcat9
Using CATALINA_HOME: /usr/local/tomcat9
Using CATALINA_TMPDIR: /usr/local/tomcat9/temp
Using JRE_HOME: /usr/java/jdk1.8.0_201-amd64
Using CLASSPATH: /usr/local/tomcat9/bin/bootstrap.jar:/usr/local/tomcat9/bin/tomcat-juli.jar
Tomcat started.
[root@tomcat1 conf]#
[root@tomcat2 ~]# mkdir /mnt/tools //创建挂载目录
[root@tomcat2 ~]# mount.cifs //192.168.100.100/tools /mnt/tools/ //挂载共享工具包
Password for root@//192.168.100.100/tools:
[root@tomcat2 ~]# cd /mnt/tools/tomcat/ //切换到挂载目录
[root@tomcat2 tomcat]# rpm -ivh jdk-8u201-linux-x64.rpm //直接安装rpm包
[root@tomcat2 tomcat]# cd /usr/java/jdk1.8.0_201-amd64/ //切换目录
[root@tomcat2 jdk1.8.0_201-amd64]# vim /etc/profile //修改系统环境变量文件
##文件末尾添加环境变量
export JAVA_HOME=/usr/java/jdk1.8.0_201-amd64
export CLASSPATH=$JAVA_HOME/lib/tools.jar:$JAVA_HOME/lib/dt.jar
export PATH=$JAVA_HOME/bin:$PATH
[root@tomcat2 jdk1.8.0_201-amd64]# source /etc/profile //重新加载配置文件
[root@tomcat2 jdk1.8.0_201-amd64]# java -version //查看版本
java version "1.8.0_201"
Java(TM) SE Runtime Environment (build 1.8.0_201-b09)
Java HotSpot(TM) 64-Bit Server VM (build 25.201-b09, mixed mode)
[root@tomcat2 jdk1.8.0_201-amd64]#
[root@tomcat2 jdk1.8.0_201-amd64]# cd /mnt/tools/tomcat/ //切换到挂载目录
[root@tomcat2 tomcat]# tar zxf apache-tomcat-9.0.16.tar.gz -C /opt/ //解压到“/opt/”目录
[root@tomcat2 tomcat]# mv /opt/apache-tomcat-9.0.16/ /usr/local/tomcat9 //移动到“/usr/local/”目录并重命名
[root@tomcat2 tomcat]# ln -s /usr/local/tomcat9/bin/startup.sh /usr/bin/ //建立启动脚本软链接
[root@tomcat2 tomcat]# ln -s /usr/local/tomcat9/bin/shutdown.sh /usr/bin/ //建立关闭脚本软链接
[root@tomcat2 tomcat]# startup.sh //开启服务
Using CATALINA_BASE: /usr/local/tomcat9
Using CATALINA_HOME: /usr/local/tomcat9
Using CATALINA_TMPDIR: /usr/local/tomcat9/temp
Using JRE_HOME: /usr/java/jdk1.8.0_201-amd64
Using CLASSPATH: /usr/local/tomcat9/bin/bootstrap.jar:/usr/local/tomcat9/bin/tomcat-juli.jar
Tomcat started.
[root@tomcat2 tomcat]# netstat -ntap | grep 8080 //查看端口
tcp6 0 0 :::8080 :::* LISTEN 52941/java
[root@tomcat2 tomcat]#
[root@tomcat2 tomcat]# systemctl stop firewalld.service //关闭防火墙
[root@tomcat2 tomcat]# setenforce 0 //关闭增强性安全功能
[root@tomcat2 tomcat]#
[root@tomcat2 tomcat]# mkdir -pv /web/webapp1 //创建站点目录
mkdir: 已创建目录 "/web"
mkdir: 已创建目录 "/web/webapp1"
[root@tomcat2 tomcat]# vim /web/webapp1/index.jsp //添加首页文件
<%@ page language="java" import="java.util.*" pageEncoding="UTF-8"%>
<html>
<head>
<title>JSP test1 page</title>
</head>
<body>
<% out.println("Welcome to test site,http://www.test2.com");%>
</body>
</html>
[root@tomcat2 tomcat]# cd /usr/local/tomcat9/conf/ //切换目录
[root@tomcat2 conf]# vim server.xml //修改配置文件
<Host name="localhost" appBase="webapps"
unpackWARs="true" autoDeploy="true">
##在Host标签里,添加下面内容
<Context docBase="/web/webapp1" path="" reloadable="false">
</Context>
[root@tomcat2 conf]# shutdown.sh //关闭服务
Using CATALINA_BASE: /usr/local/tomcat9
Using CATALINA_HOME: /usr/local/tomcat9
Using CATALINA_TMPDIR: /usr/local/tomcat9/temp
Using JRE_HOME: /usr/java/jdk1.8.0_201-amd64
Using CLASSPATH: /usr/local/tomcat9/bin/bootstrap.jar:/usr/local/tomcat9/bin/tomcat-juli.jar
[root@tomcat2 conf]# startup.sh //开启服务
Using CATALINA_BASE: /usr/local/tomcat9
Using CATALINA_HOME: /usr/local/tomcat9
Using CATALINA_TMPDIR: /usr/local/tomcat9/temp
Using JRE_HOME: /usr/java/jdk1.8.0_201-amd64
Using CLASSPATH: /usr/local/tomcat9/bin/bootstrap.jar:/usr/local/tomcat9/bin/tomcat-juli.jar
Tomcat started.
[root@tomcat2 conf]#
[root@nginx ~]# yum -y install pcre-devel zlib-devel openssl-devel gcc gcc-c++
............//省略过程
[root@nginx ~]#
[root@nginx ~]# mkdir /mnt/tools //创建挂载目录
[root@nginx ~]# mount.cifs //192.168.100.100/tools /mnt/tools/ //挂载共享目录
Password for root@//192.168.100.100/tools:
[root@nginx ~]# cd /mnt/tools/LNMP/ //切换到挂载目录
[root@nginx LNMP]# ls
Discuz_X3.4_SC_UTF8.zip nginx-1.12.2.tar.gz php-7.1.20.tar.gz
mysql-boost-5.7.20.tar.gz php-7.1.10.tar.bz2
[root@nginx LNMP]# tar zxf nginx-1.12.2.tar.gz -C /opt/ //解压源码包
[root@nginx LNMP]# cd /opt/
[root@nginx opt]# ls
nginx-1.12.2 rh
[root@nginx opt]#
[root@nginx opt]# cd nginx-1.12.2/ //切换目录
[root@nginx nginx-1.12.2]# useradd -M -s /sbin/nologin nginx //创建用户nginx
[root@nginx nginx-1.12.2]# ./configure \ //配置nginx服务
> --prefix=/usr/local/nginx \ //安装路径
> --user=nginx \ //属主
> --group=nginx \ //属组
> --with-file-aio \ //启用file aio支持(一种APL文件传输格式)
> --with-http_stub_status_module \ //获取nginx自上次启动以来的工作状态
> --with-http_gzip_static_module \ //在线实时压缩输出数据流
> --with-http_flv_module \ //为Flash Video(FLV)文件 提供服务端伪流媒体支持
> --with-http_ssl_module //为HTTPS提供了必要的支持
[root@nginx nginx-1.12.2]# make && make install
[root@nginx nginx-1.12.2]# ln -s /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx /usr/local/sbin/ //为nginx命令建立软链接,方便系统识别
[root@nginx nginx-1.12.2]#
[root@nginx nginx-1.12.2]# vim /etc/init.d/nginx //添加管理脚本
#!/bin/bash
# chkconfig: - 99 20
# description: Nginx Service Control Script
PROG="/usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx"
PIDF="/usr/local/nginx/logs/nginx.pid"
case "$1" in
start)
$PROG
;;
stop)
kill -s QUIT $(cat $PIDF)
;;
restart)
$0 stop
$0 start
;;
reload)
kill -s HUP $(cat $PIDF)
;;
*)
echo "Usage: $0 {start|stop|restart|reload}"
exit 1
esac
exit 0
[root@nginx nginx-1.12.2]# chmod +x /etc/init.d/nginx //给脚本添加执行权限
[root@nginx nginx-1.12.2]# chkconfig --add nginx //添加让service工具能够识别
[root@nginx nginx-1.12.2]#
[root@nginx nginx-1.12.2]# service nginx start //开启服务
[root@nginx nginx-1.12.2]# service nginx stop //关闭服务
[root@nginx nginx-1.12.2]#
[root@nginx nginx-1.12.2]# cd /usr/local/nginx/conf/ //切换目录
[root@nginx conf]# ls
fastcgi.conf fastcgi_params.default mime.types nginx.conf.default uwsgi_params
fastcgi.conf.default koi-utf mime.types.default scgi_params uwsgi_params.default
fastcgi_params koi-win nginx.conf scgi_params.default win-utf
[root@nginx conf]# vim nginx.conf //修改配置文件
upstream tomcat-server { ##添加tomcat服务器
server 192.168.52.134:8080 weight=1;
server 192.168.52.150:8080 weight=1;
}
location / {
root html;
index index.html index.htm;
proxy_pass http://tomcat-server; ##添加代理
}
[root@nginx conf]# nginx -t //检查配置文件格式
nginx: the configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful
[root@nginx conf]#
[root@nginx conf]# service nginx start //开启服务
[root@nginx conf]# netstat -ntap | grep nginx //查看端口
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:80 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 41747/nginx: master
[root@nginx conf]# systemctl stop firewalld.service 关闭防火墙
[root@nginx conf]# setenforce 0 //关闭增强性安全功能
[root@nginx conf]#
(生产环境下,两个页面需要相同,这是为了方便演示故意设置不同)
[root@nginx conf]# vim nginx.conf //修改配置文件
##不用修改
upstream tomcat-server {
server 192.168.52.134:8080 weight=1;
server 192.168.52.150:8080 weight=1;
}
location / {
root html;
index index.html index.htm;
# proxy_pass http://tomcat-server; ##注释
}
##添加以下内容
location ~.*.jsp$ {
proxy_pass http://tomcat-server;
proxy_set_header Host $host;
}
location ~.*.\.(gif|jpg|jpeg|png|bmp|swf|css)$ {
root html;
expires 30d;
}
[root@nginx conf]# vim ../html/index.html
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html;charset=utf-8"> //支持中文字符集
<title>静态页面</title>
<style>
body {
width: 35em;
margin: 0 auto;
font-family: Tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<h3>静态页面</h3>
<p>这是静态页面</p>
</body>
</html>
[root@nginx conf]# service nginx stop
[root@nginx conf]# service nginx start
[root@nginx conf]#
[root@tomcat1 ~]# cd /usr/local/tomcat9/webapps/ //切换目录
[root@tomcat1 webapps]# ls
docs examples host-manager manager ROOT
[root@tomcat1 webapps]# mkdir test //创建站点目录
[root@tomcat1 webapps]# cd test/
[root@tomcat1 test]# vim index.jsp //添加首页文件
<!DOCTYPE html>
<%@ page language="java" contentType="text/html; charset=UTF-8" pageEncoding="UTF-8"%>
<%@ page import="java.util.Date" %>
<%@ page import="java.text.SimpleDateFormat" %>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4. 01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/ html4/loose. dtd">
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
<title>动态页面1</title>
</head>
<body>
<div>动态页面1</div>
</body>
</html>
[root@tomcat2 ~]# cd /usr/local/tomcat9/webapps/ //切换目录
[root@tomcat2 webapps]# ls
docs examples host-manager manager ROOT
[root@tomcat2 webapps]# mkdir test //创建站点目录
[root@tomcat2 webapps]# cd test/
[root@tomcat2 test]# vim /index.jsp //添加首页文件
<!DOCTYPE html>
<%@ page language="java" contentType="text/html; charset=UTF-8" pageEncoding="UTF-8"%>
<%@ page import="java.util.Date" %>
<%@ page import="java.text.SimpleDateFormat" %>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4. 01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/ html4/loose. dtd">
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
<title>动态页面2</title>
</head>
<body>
<div>动态页面2</div>
</body>
</html>
[root@tomcat1 test]# vim index.jsp
<div>动态页面1</div><br><img src="picture.jpg"> //只需修改此行
[root@tomcat2 test]# vim index.jsp
<div>动态页面2</div><br><img src="picture.jpg"> //只需修改此行
[root@nginx conf]# cd /mnt/tools/ //切换到挂载点
[root@nginx tools]# mkdir -p /usr/local/nginx/html/test //创建站点目录test,注意必须与Tomcat站点相同
[root@nginx tools]# cp picture.jpg /usr/local/nginx/html/test/ //复制图片到站点
[root@nginx tools]#
看了以上关于Nginx负载均衡的实现原理和动静分离的分析介绍,如果大家还有什么地方需要了解的可以在亿速云行业资讯里查找自己感兴趣的或者找我们的专业技术工程师解答的,亿速云技术工程师在行业内拥有十几年的经验了。亿速云官网链接www.yisu.com
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