本文主要内容
随着办公自动化和电子商务的飞速发展,企业对信息系统的依赖性越来越高,数据库作为信息系统的核心担当者主要的角色。数据库备份,是在数据库丢失的情况下,能及时恢复重要数据,防止数据丢失的一种重要手段。一个合理的数据库备份方案,应该能够在数据丢失时,有效地恢复数据,同时需要考虑技术实现难度和有效地利用资源。
在生产环境中,数据库中数据的安全性是至关重要的,任何数据的丢失都可能产生严重的后果;造成数据丢失的原因如下:
因此,我们需要尽可能地将数据库中的数据进行各种备份,从而避免因为数据丢失造成业务事故,给公司造成负面影响。
数据库的备份可以从不同角度进行分类,下面我们介绍一下数据库的具体的分类及其概念。
物理备份:对数据库操作系统的物理文件(数据文件、日志文件等)的备份
物理备份又可以分为脱机备份(冷备份)和联机备份(热备份)
冷备份:是在关闭数据库的时候进行的;
热备份:数据库处于运行状态,这种备份方法依赖于数据库的日志文件
逻辑备份:对数据库逻辑组件(如表等数据库对象)的备份
我们使用一个比较形象的例子来说明这三者的区别:
备份方式 | 完全备份 | 差异备份 | 增量备份 |
---|---|---|---|
完全备份时的状态 | table1,table2 | table1,table2 | table1,table2 |
第一次添加内容 | 创建table3 | 创建table3 | 创建table3 |
备份内容 | 备份table1,2,3 | 备份table3 | 备份table3 |
第二次添加内容 | 创建table4 | 创建table4 | 创建table4 |
备份内容 | 备份table1,2,3,4 | 备份table3,4 | 备份table4 |
可以这样归纳:完全备份每次备份的是所有数据备份一次,差异备份的参考对象为第一次完全备份,而增量备份的参考对象为最近(相对之前的备份是最后一次)的一次备份。
MySQL的备份方式主要有完全备份与增量备份。而完全备份是增量备份的基础。所以,生产环境中,这两种方式都会使用,需要制定合理高效的方案达到备份数据的目的。
MySQL数据库的备份可以采用两种方式,因为数据库实际上就是文件,可以直接打包数据库文件夹,或者使用专门的备份工具mysqldump进行备份操作。
(1)安装xz压缩格式工具,该格式的压缩率较大。
[root@localhost ~]# yum install -y xz
已加载插件:fastestmirror, langpacks
base | 3.6 kB 00:00
extras | 2.9 kB 00:00
updates | 2.9 kB 00:00
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
* base: mirrors.aliyun.com
* extras: mirrors.aliyun.com
* updates: mirrors.aliyun.com
软件包 xz-5.2.2-1.el7.x86_64 已安装并且是最新版本
无须任何处理
(2)对数据库中的数据库文件打包操作
[root@localhost opt]# tar Pjcf /opt/data-$(date +%F).tar.xz /usr/local/mysql/data/fruit /usr/local/mysql/data/student/
[root@localhost opt]# ls
data-2020-01-07.tar.xz mysql-5.7.17 rh
(3)对比占用的空间资源
[root@localhost opt]# ls -lh /usr/local/mysql/data/student/
总用量 112K
-rw-r-----. 1 mysql mysql 61 1月 7 14:11 db.opt
-rw-r-----. 1 mysql mysql 8.5K 1月 7 14:14 stu_info.frm
-rw-r-----. 1 mysql mysql 96K 1月 7 14:14 stu_info.ibd
[root@localhost opt]# ls -lh /usr/local/mysql/data/fruit/
总用量 148K
-rw-r-----. 1 mysql mysql 61 1月 6 16:37 db.opt
-rw-r-----. 1 mysql mysql 8.5K 1月 6 18:30 fruit_info.frm
-rw-r-----. 1 mysql mysql 129K 1月 7 12:04 fruit_info.ibd
[root@localhost opt]# ls -lh data-2020-01-07.tar.xz
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 1.4K 1月 7 14:32 data-2020-01-07.tar.xz
(4)如果原目录中数据丢失损坏,可以解压到数据目录下回复数据
[root@localhost opt]# cd /usr/local/mysql/data/
[root@localhost data]# ls
auto.cnf ibdata1 ibtmp1 student
fruit ib_logfile0 mysql sys
ib_buffer_pool ib_logfile1 performance_schema
[root@localhost data]# rm fruit/ -rf
[root@localhost data]# rm student/ -rf
[root@localhost data]# ls
auto.cnf ib_logfile0 mysql usr
ib_buffer_pool ib_logfile1 performance_schema
ibdata1 ibtmp1 sys
[root@localhost data]# tar Pjxf /opt/data-2020-01-07.tar.xz -C .
[root@localhost data]# ls
auto.cnf ibdata1 ibtmp1 student
fruit ib_logfile0 mysql sys
ib_buffer_pool ib_logfile1 performance_schema usr
我们知道使用打压缩包的方法其实在实际情况中并不是一个非常好的选择,因为这是备份数据库中所有的内容,而mysqldump工具可以更加灵活地控制备份的内容,比如将特定数据库,特定表进行备份。
首先我们有一个如下的数据库系统,其中有两个自己创建的数据库:fruit student
其中fruit中有fruit_info表,student中有stu_info表
mysql> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| fruit |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| student |
| sys |
+--------------------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> use student ;
Database changed
mysql> show tables;
+-------------------+
| Tables_in_student |
+-------------------+
| stu_info |
+-------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> use fruit ;
Reading table information for completion of table and column names
You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A
Database changed
mysql> show tables;
+-----------------+
| Tables_in_fruit |
+-----------------+
| fruit_info |
+-----------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
(1)使用mysqldump命令对某表进行完全备份,命令格式如下:
mysqldump -uroot -p [选项] [数据库名] [数据表名] > /备份路径/备份文件名(要以.sql后缀名结尾)
实例:
[root@localhost ~]# mysqldump -uroot -p fruit fruit_info > /opt/fruit_bak_$(date +%F).sql
Enter password:
[root@localhost ~]# ls /opt/
data-2020-01-07.tar.xz fruit_bak_2020-01-07.sql mysql-5.7.17 rh
(2)使用mysqldump命令对单个数据库进行完全备份,命令格式如下:
mysqldump -uroot -p [选项] [数据库名] > /备份路径/备份文件名(要以.sql后缀名结尾)
实例:
[root@localhost ~]# mysqldump -uroot -p fruit > /opt/fruit_db_backup-$(date +%F).sql
Enter password:
[root@localhost ~]# ls /opt/
data-2020-01-07.tar.xz fruit_db_backup-2020-01-07.sql rh
fruit_bak_2020-01-07.sql mysql-5.7.17
(3)使用mysqldump命令对多个数据库进行完全备份,命令格式如下:
mysqldump -uroot -p [选项] --databases [数据库名列表] > /备份路径/备份文件名(要以.sql后缀名结尾)
实例:
[root@localhost ~]# mysqldump -uroot -p --databases fruit student > /opt/fruit_and_student_db_backup-$(date +%F).sql
Enter password:
[root@localhost ~]# ls /opt/
data-2020-01-07.tar.xz
fruit_and_student_db_backup-2020-01-07.sql
fruit_bak_2020-01-07.sql
fruit_db_backup-2020-01-07.sql
mysql-5.7.17
rh
(4)使用mysqldump命令对所有数据库进行完全备份,命令格式如下:
mysqldump -uroot -p [选项] --all-databases > /备份路径/备份文件名(要以.sql后缀名结尾)
实例:
[root@localhost ~]# mysqldump -uroot -p --all-databases > /opt/all_db_backup-$(date +%F).sql
Enter password:
[root@localhost ~]# ls /opt/
all_db_backup-2020-01-07.sql
data-2020-01-07.tar.xz
fruit_and_student_db_backup-2020-01-07.sql
fruit_bak_2020-01-07.sql
fruit_db_backup-2020-01-07.sql
mysql-5.7.17
rh
(5)使用mysqldump命令直接备份表结构或者整个数据表,命令格式如下:
mysqldump -uroot -p [-d] [数据库名] [数据表名] > /备份路径/备份文件名(要以.sql后缀名结尾)
实例:
[root@localhost ~]# mysqldump -uroot -p -d fruit fruit_info > /opt/table_structure.sql
Enter password:
[root@localhost ~]# ls /opt/
all_db_backup-2020-01-07.sql
data-2020-01-07.tar.xz
fruit_and_student_db_backup-2020-01-07.sql
fruit_bak_2020-01-07.sql
fruit_db_backup-2020-01-07.sql
mysql-5.7.17
rh
table_structure.sql
[root@localhost ~]# mysqldump -uroot -p fruit fruit_info > /opt/table_structure-$(date +%F).sql
Enter password:
[root@localhost ~]# ls /opt/
all_db_backup-2020-01-07.sql
data-2020-01-07.tar.xz
fruit_and_student_db_backup-2020-01-07.sql
fruit_bak_2020-01-07.sql
fruit_db_backup-2020-01-07.sql
mysql-5.7.17
rh
table_structure-2020-01-07.sql
table_structure.sql
我们来对比一下加了选项-d和不加的备份文件的内容
有-d选项:
-- Host: localhost Database: fruit
-- Server version 5.7.17
/!40101 SET @OLD_CHARACTER_SET_CLIENT=@@CHARACTER_SET_CLIENT /;
/!40101 SET @OLD_CHARACTER_SET_RESULTS=@@CHARACTER_SET_RESULTS /;
/!40101 SET @OLD_COLLATION_CONNECTION=@@COLLATION_CONNECTION /;
/!40101 SET NAMES utf8 /;
/!40103 SET @OLD_TIME_ZONE=@@TIME_ZONE /;
/!40103 SET TIME_ZONE='+00:00' /;
/!40014 SET @OLD_UNIQUE_CHECKS=@@UNIQUE_CHECKS, UNIQUE_CHECKS=0 /;
/!40014 SET @OLD_FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS=@@FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS, FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS=0 /;
/!40101 SET @OLD_SQL_MODE=@@SQL_MODE, SQL_MODE='NO_AUTO_VALUE_ON_ZERO' /;
/!40111 SET @OLD_SQL_NOTES=@@SQL_NOTES, SQL_NOTES=0 /;
fruit_info
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS fruit_info
;
/!40101 SET @saved_cs_client = @@character_set_client /;
/!40101 SET character_set_client = utf8 /;
CREATE TABLE fruit_info
(id
int(4) NOT NULL,price
decimal(3,2) NOT NULL,newtype
varchar(6) DEFAULT NULL,
UNIQUE KEY id_index_new
(id
),
UNIQUE KEY type_index
(newtype
),
KEY id_index
(id
)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;
/!40101 SET character_set_client = @saved_cs_client /;
/!40103 SET TIME_ZONE=@OLD_TIME_ZONE /;
/!40101 SET SQL_MODE=@OLD_SQL_MODE /;
/!40014 SET FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS=@OLD_FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS /;
/!40014 SET UNIQUE_CHECKS=@OLD_UNIQUE_CHECKS /;
/!40101 SET CHARACTER_SET_CLIENT=@OLD_CHARACTER_SET_CLIENT /;
/!40101 SET CHARACTER_SET_RESULTS=@OLD_CHARACTER_SET_RESULTS /;
/!40101 SET COLLATION_CONNECTION=@OLD_COLLATION_CONNECTION /;
/!40111 SET SQL_NOTES=@OLD_SQL_NOTES /;
-- Dump completed on 2020-01-07 14:59:25
没有-d选项:
-- Host: localhost Database: fruit
-- Server version 5.7.17
/!40101 SET @OLD_CHARACTER_SET_CLIENT=@@CHARACTER_SET_CLIENT /;
/!40101 SET @OLD_CHARACTER_SET_RESULTS=@@CHARACTER_SET_RESULTS /;
/!40101 SET @OLD_COLLATION_CONNECTION=@@COLLATION_CONNECTION /;
/!40101 SET NAMES utf8 /;
/!40103 SET @OLD_TIME_ZONE=@@TIME_ZONE /;
/!40103 SET TIME_ZONE='+00:00' /;
/!40014 SET @OLD_UNIQUE_CHECKS=@@UNIQUE_CHECKS, UNIQUE_CHECKS=0 /;
/!40014 SET @OLD_FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS=@@FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS, FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS=0 /;
/!40101 SET @OLD_SQL_MODE=@@SQL_MODE, SQL_MODE='NO_AUTO_VALUE_ON_ZERO' /;
/!40111 SET @OLD_SQL_NOTES=@@SQL_NOTES, SQL_NOTES=0 /;
fruit_info
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS fruit_info
;
/!40101 SET @saved_cs_client = @@character_set_client /;
/!40101 SET character_set_client = utf8 /;
CREATE TABLE fruit_info
(id
int(4) NOT NULL,price
decimal(3,2) NOT NULL,newtype
varchar(6) DEFAULT NULL,
UNIQUE KEY id_index_new
(id
),
UNIQUE KEY type_index
(newtype
),
KEY id_index
(id
)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;
/!40101 SET character_set_client = @saved_cs_client /;
fruit_info
LOCK TABLES fruit_info
WRITE;
/!40000 ALTER TABLE fruit_info
DISABLE KEYS /;
INSERT INTO fruit_info
VALUES (1,2.50,'banana'),(2,5.50,'apple'),(3,6.00,'peach');
/!40000 ALTER TABLE fruit_info
ENABLE KEYS /;
UNLOCK TABLES;
/!40103 SET TIME_ZONE=@OLD_TIME_ZONE /;
/!40101 SET SQL_MODE=@OLD_SQL_MODE /;
/!40014 SET FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS=@OLD_FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS /;
/!40014 SET UNIQUE_CHECKS=@OLD_UNIQUE_CHECKS /;
/!40101 SET CHARACTER_SET_CLIENT=@OLD_CHARACTER_SET_CLIENT /;
/!40101 SET CHARACTER_SET_RESULTS=@OLD_CHARACTER_SET_RESULTS /;
/!40101 SET COLLATION_CONNECTION=@OLD_COLLATION_CONNECTION /;
/!40111 SET SQL_NOTES=@OLD_SQL_NOTES /;
-- Dump completed on 2020-01-07 15:01:04
可以看出加了-d选项的只是将表的结构进行备份,而不加-d参数的就会将整个数据表进行备份
上文介绍了数据库完全备份的具体操作,那么当数据出现错误时,可以使用以下几种方式对其进行恢复操作
当需要恢复整库的时候,可以使用source命令和mysql命令
命令格式:source 备份脚本路径(绝对路径)
实例:
利用上面备份fruit数据库的例子,模拟删除该库并进行恢复操作
方法:生成备份数据文件——》登录数据库——》删除数据库——》使用source命令恢复
具体操作:
[root@localhost data]# mysqldump -uroot -p student > /opt/student.sql
Enter password:
[root@localhost data]# ls /opt/
data-2020-01-07.tar.xz mysql-5.7.17 rh student.sql
mysql> drop database student;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| fruit |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| sys |
| usr |
+--------------------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> create database student
-> ;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> use student;
Database changed
mysql> source /opt/student.sql
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
...#省略部分内容
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> mysql> show tables;
+-------------------+
| Tables_in_student |
+-------------------+
| stu_info |
+-------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
不需要登录mysql数据库系统,可以使用mysql命令直接恢复整库。
实例如下:
[root@localhost data]# mysqldump -uroot -p student > /opt/student.sql
Enter password:
[root@localhost data]# ls /opt/
data-2020-01-07.tar.xz rh student.sql
mysql-5.7.17 student1.sql
模拟数据库丢失:
[root@localhost data]# mysql -uroot -p
Enter password:
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 41
Server version: 5.7.17 Source distribution
Copyright (c) 2000, 2016, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
mysql> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| fruit |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| student |
| sys |
| usr |
+--------------------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> drop database student;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| fruit |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| sys |
| usr |
+--------------------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
整库恢复:
[root@localhost data]# mysql -uroot -p < /opt/student.sql
Enter password:
ERROR 1046 (3D000) at line 22: No database selected
[root@localhost data]# mysql -uroot -p
Enter password:
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 43
Server version: 5.7.17 Source distribution
Copyright (c) 2000, 2016, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
mysql> create database student;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
mysql> exit
Bye
[root@localhost data]# mysql -uroot -p student < /opt/student.sql
Enter password:
[root@localhost data]# mysql -uroot -p
Enter password:
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 47
Server version: 5.7.17 Source distribution
Copyright (c) 2000, 2016, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
mysql> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| fruit |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| student |
| sys |
| usr |
+--------------------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> use student;
Reading table information for completion of table and column names
You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A
Database changed
mysql> select * from stu_info;
+----+-------+---------+
| id | name | address |
+----+-------+---------+
| 1 | zhsan | bj |
| 2 | wawu | nj |
+----+-------+---------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
在进行整库恢复时,MySQL5.7版本中都需要先创建库才可以使用source或者mysql命令进行整库恢复。
(1)创建恢复文件目录存放备份表文件:
[root@localhost opt]# mkdir abc
[root@localhost opt]# cd -
/usr/local/mysql/data
[root@localhost data]# ls
auto.cnf ibdata1 ibtmp1 student
fruit ib_logfile0 mysql sys
ib_buffer_pool ib_logfile1 performance_schema usr
[root@localhost data]# mysqldump -uroot -p student stu_info > /opt/abc/table.sql
Enter password:
[root@localhost data]# ls /opt/abc/
table.sql
(2)查看数据库数据表中的内容
[root@localhost data]# mysql -uroot -p
Enter password:
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 52
Server version: 5.7.17 Source distribution
Copyright (c) 2000, 2016, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
mysql> use student;
Reading table information for completion of table and column names
You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A
Database changed
mysql> show tables;
+-------------------+
| Tables_in_student |
+-------------------+
| stu_info |
+-------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from stu_info;
+----+-------+---------+
| id | name | address |
+----+-------+---------+
| 1 | zhsan | bj |
| 2 | wawu | nj |
+----+-------+---------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
(3)模拟表文件数据丢失
mysql> drop table stu_info;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> show tables;
Empty set (0.00 sec)
(4)source命令恢复数据表
mysql> source /opt/abc/table.sql;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
...#省略部分内容
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec
mysql> select * from stu_info;
+----+-------+---------+
| id | name | address |
+----+-------+---------+
| 1 | zhsan | bj |
| 2 | wawu | nj |
+----+-------+---------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
使用mysql命令恢复表的操作的时候,当备份文件中只包含表的备份,而不包括创建库的语句时,必须指定库名,其目标库存在。
实例如下:前面的步骤与source命令的演示类似,就不过多说明了
[root@localhost data]# mysqldump -uroot -p student stu_info > /opt/abc/table1.sql
Enter password:
[root@localhost data]# ls /opt/abc/
table1.sql table.sql
[root@localhost data]# mysql -uroot -p
Enter password:
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 57
Server version: 5.7.17 Source distribution
Copyright (c) 2000, 2016, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
mysql> use student;
Reading table information for completion of table and column names
You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A
Database changed
mysql> select * from stu_info;
+----+-------+---------+
| id | name | address |
+----+-------+---------+
| 1 | zhsan | bj |
| 2 | wawu | nj |
+----+-------+---------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> drop table stu_info;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
mysql> exit
Bye
恢复表操作:
[root@localhost data]# mysql -uroot -p student < /opt/abc/table1.sql
Enter password:
[root@localhost data]# mysql -uroot -p
Enter password:
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 59
Server version: 5.7.17 Source distribution
Copyright (c) 2000, 2016, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
mysql> use student;
Reading table information for completion of table and column names
You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A
Database changed
mysql> select * from stu_info;
+----+-------+---------+
| id | name | address |
+----+-------+---------+
| 1 | zhsan | bj |
| 2 | wawu | nj |
+----+-------+---------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
在恢复表时命令的操作基本一致,只不过使用环境不同而已,而恢复表和恢复库的区别就在于恢复库需要先创建使用库,而恢复数据表则不需要,这是因为备份文件的内容决定的。
MySQL需要定期实施备份,制定合适的备份计划或者策略,并且严格遵守。除了进行完全备份,开启MySQL服务器的日志功能也是重中之重,完全备份配合日志,可以对MySQL进行最大化还原。
备份文件的名字需要使用统一和易理解的名字,推荐使用库名配合时间的命名方法,这样方便他人和自己使用。
本文主要讲述数据库备份的分类及其制作备份和恢复数据的实操。数据库备份,从物理与逻辑的角度,备份分为物理(冷热备份)和逻辑备份;从数据库的备份策略角度,备份可以分为完全备份、差异备份与增量备份。
MySQL中有专门的mysqldump工具备份,生成的是SQL的脚本文件。而数据库的恢复操作使用mysql或source命令。
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