k8s实践(八)：ConfigMap and Secret

环境说明：

k8s集群部署详见：Centos7.6部署k8s(v1.14.2)集群
k8s学习资料详见：基本概念、kubectl命令和资料分享
k8s高可用集群部署详见：Centos7.6部署k8s v1.16.4高可用集群(主备模式)
 

一、概述

1. ConfigMap

  在实际的应用部署中， 经常需要为各种应用／中间件配置各种参数， 如数据库地址、 用户名、 密码等， 而且大多数生产环境中的应用程序配置较为复杂， 可能是多个 Config 文件、 命令行参数和环境变量的组合。 要完成这样的任务有很多种方案， 比如：

• 1.可以直接在打包镜像的时候写在应用配置文件里面，但这种方式的坏处显而易见，因为在应用部署中往往需要修改这些配置参数，或者说制作镜像时并不知道具体的参数配置，一旦打包到镜像中将无法更改配置。另外，部分配置信息涉及安全信息（如用户名、 密码等），打包人镜像容易导致安全隐患;
• 2.可以在配置文件里面通过ENV环境变量传入，但是如若修改ENV就意味着要修改yaml文件，而且需要重启所有的容器才行;
• 3.可以在应用启动时在数据库或者某个特定的地方取配置文件。

显然，前两种方案不是最佳方案，而第三种方案实现起来又比较麻烦。为了解决这个难题,kubernetes引入ConfigMap这个API资源来满足这一需求。

2. 为什么需要ConfigMap和Secret

  ConfigMap和Secret是Kubernetes系统上两种特殊类型的存储卷，ConfigMap象用于为容器中的应用提供配置数据以定制程序的行为，不过敏感的配置信息，例如密钥、证书等通常由Secret对象来进行配置。它们将相应的配置信息保存于对象中，而后在Pod资源上以存储卷的形式将其挂载并获取相关的配置，以实现配置与镜像文件的解耦。

3. ConfigMap作用

• 向容器传递命令行参数
• 为每个容器设置自定义环境变量
• 通过特殊类型的卷将配置文件挂载到容器中

二、准备工作

  制作基础镜像loong576/date-random，创建pod date-random-configmap，pod中包含容器centos-date和nginx-server，其中容器centos-date由镜像loong576/date-random创建，通过访问容器nginx-server验证参数是否生效。

1. 制作镜像

制作镜像loong576/date-random并上传dockerhub

[root@master loong576]# more Dockerfile 
FROM centos:centos7.6.1810 

ADD date-random.sh /usr/bin/date-random

ENTRYPOINT /usr/bin/date-random
[root@master loong576]# more date-random.sh 
#!/bin/bash
mkdir /var/htdocs

while : 
do
  /usr/bin/echo "date is : " `date` >> /var/htdocs/index.html
  /usr/bin/echo "RANDOM is : " `echo $RANDOM` >> /var/htdocs/index.html
  sleep 5
done
[root@master loong576]# docker build -t loong576/date-random .
Sending build context to Docker daemon  4.096kB
Step 1/3 : FROM centos:centos7.6.1810
 ---> f1cb7c7d58b7
Step 2/3 : ADD date-random.sh /usr/bin/date-random
 ---> 58296331ae70
Step 3/3 : ENTRYPOINT /usr/bin/date-random
 ---> Running in e9a3184518e7
Removing intermediate container e9a3184518e7
 ---> 07db2452d706
Successfully built 07db2452d706
Successfully tagged loong576/date-random:latest
[root@master loong576]# docker images |grep loong576/date-random
loong576/date-random                 latest              07db2452d706        24 seconds ago      202MB

基础镜像为centos:centos7.6.1810，向其中写入脚本date-random.sh并执行，该脚本运行date和echo $RANDOM命令，前者输出当前时间，后者输出0~32767之间的随机数，脚本循环时间为5秒。

2. 上传dockerhub

[root@master loong576]# docker push loong576/date-random
The push refers to repository [docker.io/loong576/date-random]
ec4ecb05d6b3: Pushed 
89169d87dbe2: Layer already exists 
latest: digest: sha256:a680438f09b92f40b38f3da5f9ea34e4b3561c540f1093d9cbcc2385c0184551 size: 736

上传至dockerhub前需执行登录操作docker login

3. 验证镜像

[root@master loong576]# more date-random-configmap.yaml 
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: date-random-configmap 
spec:
  containers:
  - image: loong576/date-random
    name: centos-date 
    volumeMounts:
    - name: html
      mountPath: /var/htdocs
  - image: nginx
    name: nginx-server
    volumeMounts:
    - name: html
      mountPath: /usr/share/nginx/html
      readOnly: true
  volumes:
  - name: html
    emptyDir: {}
[root@master loong576]# kubectl apply -f date-random-configmap.yaml 
pod/date-random-configmap created
[root@master loong576]# kubectl get po -o wide                              
NAME                    READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE   IP             NODE     NOMINATED NODE   READINESS GATES
date-random-configmap   2/2     Running   0          14s   10.244.1.203   node01   <none>           <none>
[root@master loong576]# curl 10.244.1.203
date is :  Mon Sep 16 02:51:21 UTC 2019
RANDOM is :  17563
date is :  Mon Sep 16 02:51:26 UTC 2019
RANDOM is :  434
date is :  Mon Sep 16 02:51:31 UTC 2019
RANDOM is :  18246
date is :  Mon Sep 16 02:51:36 UTC 2019
RANDOM is :  2225

运行date-random-configmap.yaml并访问容器nginx-server（nginx默认端口为80），发现每5秒输出date和随机数，符合预期。

三、容器中的配置数据传递

1. 容器的ENTRYPOINT和CMD

Dockerfile中的两种指令分别定义命令与参数这两个部分：

• ENTRYPOINT定义容器启动时运行的命令。
• CMD指定传递给ENTRYPOINT的参数。

CMD也可以执行命令，一般为默认的启动命令。

k8s中与ENTRYPOINT和CMD对应的如下：

pod中指定自定义命令和参数

[root@master loong576]# more nginx.yaml 
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: nginx
spec:
  containers:
  - image: nginx 
    name: nginx
    command: ["/bin/echo"]
    args: ["hello","world"]
[root@master loong576]# kubectl apply -f nginx.yaml 
pod/nginx created
[root@master loong576]# kubectl logs nginx 
hello world

可以查看日志可以看到pod nginx的输出为'hello world'，与pod里面command和args中的定义一致。

2. 向容器传递命令行参数

2.1 循环间隔参数化

[root@master loong576]# more date-random.sh 
#!/bin/bash
mkdir /var/htdocs
INTERVAL=$1
while : 
do
  /usr/bin/echo "date is : " `date` >> /var/htdocs/index.html
  /usr/bin/echo "RANDOM is : " `echo $RANDOM` >> /var/htdocs/index.html
  sleep $INTERVAL 
done
[root@master loong576]# more Dockerfile 
FROM centos:centos7.6.1810 

ADD date-random.sh /usr/bin/date-random

ENTRYPOINT ["/usr/bin/date-random"]

CMD ["10"]
[root@master loong576]# docker build -t loong576/date-random:args .
Sending build context to Docker daemon   5.12kB
Step 1/4 : FROM centos:centos7.6.1810
 ---> f1cb7c7d58b7
Step 2/4 : ADD date-random.sh /usr/bin/date-random
 ---> 307e2f66dfa4
Step 3/4 : ENTRYPOINT ["/usr/bin/date-random"]
 ---> Running in ab41b93f6b28
Removing intermediate container ab41b93f6b28
 ---> 5f536f70da1f
Step 4/4 : CMD ["10"]
 ---> Running in 90f5d58c68fb
Removing intermediate container 90f5d58c68fb
 ---> 8bf9ce828481
Successfully built 8bf9ce828481
Successfully tagged loong576/date-random:args
[root@master loong576]# docker push loong576/date-random:args 
The push refers to repository [docker.io/loong576/date-random]
200d475bbffa: Pushed 
89169d87dbe2: Layer already exists 
args: digest: sha256:08e4c791dc9d6b71ce45b13768ab09194cc11ecd4856b52f2719372d912ee9c1 size: 736

将之前的循环间隔5秒修改为参数INTERVAL，在Dockerfile中传递该参数值为10秒，上传dockerhub。Dockerfile中ENTRYPOINT和CMD后面的[]表明执行格式为Exec，区别于之前的Shell格式。

2.2 Docker运行带参数镜像

[root@master loong576]# docker run -itd --name centos-args loong576/date-random:args 
159e3204dad64516adc4681e9d7b1fe9f4d11a178e3cca7e9a9f13fd10252a43
[root@master loong576]# docker run -d --name centos-args loong576/date-random:args   
ee938a39167afb52fe72f9367ad23d9e8b2985037320ad1ccc6ec7e3f9bc9255
[root@master loong576]# docker exec -it centos-args sh
sh-4.2# [root@master loong576]# 
[root@master loong576]# 
[root@master loong576]# 
[root@master loong576]# docker run -it --name centos-args loong576/date-random:args  

[root@master loong576]# docker run -itd --name centos-args loong576/date-random:args  
2a25e91a0f5b54c1c568ce089d879d50cd9a12513be5d365dc5743d74f2ac737
[root@master loong576]# docker ps |grep centos
2a25e91a0f5b        loong576/date-random:args   "/usr/bin/date-rando…"   18 seconds ago      Up 16 seconds                           centos-args
[root@master loong576]# docker exec -it centos-args sh
sh-4.2# cd /var/htdocs/
sh-4.2# ls -alrt
total 4
drwxr-xr-x 1 root root  20 Sep 16 07:24 ..
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root  24 Sep 16 07:24 .
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 234 Sep 16 07:25 index.html
sh-4.2# tail -f index.html 
date is :  Mon Sep 16 07:24:31 UTC 2019
RANDOM is :  26700
date is :  Mon Sep 16 07:24:41 UTC 2019
RANDOM is :  13556
date is :  Mon Sep 16 07:24:51 UTC 2019
RANDOM is :  7320
date is :  Mon Sep 16 07:25:01 UTC 2019
RANDOM is :  6041
date is :  Mon Sep 16 07:25:11 UTC 2019
RANDOM is :  23591
^C
sh-4.2# 

index.html输出的巡检间隔为10秒，证明Dockerfile设置生效。

2.3 Docker直接指定参数运行镜像

指定循环间隔为3秒

[root@master loong576]# docker run -itd --name centos-args2 loong576/date-random:args 3
498e48dabb0b2eb15366286d7cfd317774cf993a98c19310e3b3fe2aad9d8d6a
[root@master loong576]# docker ps |grep centos
498e48dabb0b        loong576/date-random:args   "/usr/bin/date-rando…"   7 seconds ago       Up 5 seconds                            centos-args2
2a25e91a0f5b        loong576/date-random:args   "/usr/bin/date-rando…"   6 minutes ago       Up 6 minutes                            centos-args
[root@master loong576]# docker exec -it centos-args2 sh                                
sh-4.2# tail -f /var/htdocs/index.html 
date is :  Mon Sep 16 07:31:24 UTC 2019
RANDOM is :  17156
date is :  Mon Sep 16 07:31:27 UTC 2019
RANDOM is :  30995
date is :  Mon Sep 16 07:31:30 UTC 2019
RANDOM is :  24714
date is :  Mon Sep 16 07:31:33 UTC 2019
RANDOM is :  11670
date is :  Mon Sep 16 07:31:36 UTC 2019
RANDOM is :  32253
date is :  Mon Sep 16 07:31:39 UTC 2019
RANDOM is :  18917
^C
sh-4.2#

可以看到index.html的输出间隔时间为3秒

2.4 pod中定义传递的参数值

定义pod date-random-configmap-args，设置传递容器的参数值为4.

[root@master loong576]# more date-random-configmap-args.yaml 
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: date-random-configmap-args 
spec:
  containers:
  - image: loong576/date-random:args
    args: ["4"]
    name: centos-date 
    volumeMounts:
    - name: html
      mountPath: /var/htdocs
  - image: nginx
    name: nginx-server
    volumeMounts:
    - name: html
      mountPath: /usr/share/nginx/html
      readOnly: true
  volumes:
  - name: html
    emptyDir: {}
[root@master loong576]# kubectl apply -f date-random-configmap-args.yaml 
pod/date-random-configmap-args created
[root@master loong576]# kubectl get po -o wide
NAME                         READY   STATUS             RESTARTS   AGE    IP             NODE     NOMINATED NODE   READINESS GATES
date-random-configmap        2/2     Running            0          5h3m   10.244.1.203   node01   <none>           <none>
date-random-configmap-args   2/2     Running            0          100s   10.244.2.209   node02   <none>           <none>
nginx                        0/1     CrashLoopBackOff   20         81m    10.244.1.205   node01   <none>           <none>
[root@master loong576]# curl 10.244.2.209
date is :  Mon Sep 16 07:52:37 UTC 2019
RANDOM is :  5067
date is :  Mon Sep 16 07:52:41 UTC 2019
RANDOM is :  1512
date is :  Mon Sep 16 07:52:45 UTC 2019
RANDOM is :  30707
date is :  Mon Sep 16 07:52:49 UTC 2019
RANDOM is :  9853
date is :  Mon Sep 16 07:52:53 UTC 2019
RANDOM is :  4578
date is :  Mon Sep 16 07:52:57 UTC 2019
RANDOM is :  22461
date is :  Mon Sep 16 07:53:01 UTC 2019
RANDOM is :  23571
date is :  Mon Sep 16 07:53:05 UTC 2019
RANDOM is :  27206
date is :  Mon Sep 16 07:53:09 UTC 2019
RANDOM is :  5840
date is :  Mon Sep 16 07:53:13 UTC 2019
RANDOM is :  16860
date is :  Mon Sep 16 07:53:17 UTC 2019
RANDOM is :  3697
date is :  Mon Sep 16 07:53:21 UTC 2019
RANDOM is :  24393
date is :  Mon Sep 16 07:53:25 UTC 2019
RANDOM is :  6753

index.html的输出时间间隔为4秒，与pod的args设置的值一致。

3. 为容器设置环境变量

3.1 生成镜像loong576/date-random:env

[root@master loong576]# more date-random.sh                           
#!/bin/bash
mkdir /var/htdocs
#INTERVAL=$1
while : 
do
  /usr/bin/echo "date is : " `date` >> /var/htdocs/index.html
  /usr/bin/echo "RANDOM is : " `echo $RANDOM` >> /var/htdocs/index.html
  sleep $INTERVAL 
done
[root@master loong576]# more Dockerfile                           
FROM centos:centos7.6.1810 

ADD date-random.sh /usr/bin/date-random

ENTRYPOINT ["/usr/bin/date-random"]

#CMD ["10"]
[root@master loong576]# docker build -t loong576/date-random:env .
Sending build context to Docker daemon  6.144kB
Step 1/3 : FROM centos:centos7.6.1810
 ---> f1cb7c7d58b7
Step 2/3 : ADD date-random.sh /usr/bin/date-random
 ---> 1ddb8d15b11d
Step 3/3 : ENTRYPOINT ["/usr/bin/date-random"]
 ---> Running in e34374da108a
Removing intermediate container e34374da108a
 ---> b5daa0cf4479
Successfully built b5daa0cf4479
Successfully tagged loong576/date-random:env
[root@master loong576]# docker push loong576/date-random:env  
The push refers to repository [docker.io/loong576/date-random]
5a389d8a01f4: Pushed 
89169d87dbe2: Layer already exists 
env: digest: sha256:f51c0831235a559e589ede54226d9f387966bea45435026acafad5416eba5e69 size: 736

生成镜像loong576/date-random:env，该镜像相比loong576/date-random:args主要是注释脚本中的参数传递'INTERVAL=$1'和Dockerfile中指定的参数值'CMD ["10"]'

3.2 pod中指定环境变量

新建pod date-random-configmap-env并指定环境变量INTERVAL，赋值为6

[root@master loong576]# more date-random-configmap-env.yaml             
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: date-random-configmap-env
spec:
  containers:
  - image: loong576/date-random:env
    env:
    - name: INTERVAL
      value: "6"
    name: centos-date 
    volumeMounts:
    - name: html
      mountPath: /var/htdocs
  - image: nginx
    name: nginx-server
    volumeMounts:
    - name: html
      mountPath: /usr/share/nginx/html
      readOnly: true
  volumes:
  - name: html
    emptyDir: {}
[root@master loong576]# kubectl apply -f date-random-configmap-env.yaml 
pod/date-random-configmap-env created
[root@master loong576]# kubectl get po -o wide
NAME                         READY   STATUS             RESTARTS   AGE     IP             NODE     NOMINATED NODE   READINESS GATES
date-random-configmap        2/2     Running            0          5h39m   10.244.1.203   node01   <none>           <none>
date-random-configmap-args   2/2     Running            0          29m     10.244.2.209   node02   <none>           <none>
date-random-configmap-env    2/2     Running            0          4m20s   10.244.1.208   node01   <none>           <none>
nginx                        0/1     CrashLoopBackOff   8          18m     10.244.1.206   node01   <none>           <none>
[root@master loong576]# curl 10.244.1.208
date is :  Mon Sep 16 08:16:50 UTC 2019
RANDOM is :  30120
date is :  Mon Sep 16 08:16:56 UTC 2019
RANDOM is :  8149
date is :  Mon Sep 16 08:17:02 UTC 2019
RANDOM is :  2752
date is :  Mon Sep 16 08:17:08 UTC 2019
RANDOM is :  20276
date is :  Mon Sep 16 08:17:14 UTC 2019
RANDOM is :  19299
date is :  Mon Sep 16 08:17:21 UTC 2019
RANDOM is :  20116
date is :  Mon Sep 16 08:17:27 UTC 2019
RANDOM is :  22331
date is :  Mon Sep 16 08:17:33 UTC 2019
RANDOM is :  3626
date is :  Mon Sep 16 08:17:39 UTC 2019
RANDOM is :  28190
date is :  Mon Sep 16 08:17:45 UTC 2019
RANDOM is :  3241
date is :  Mon Sep 16 08:17:51 UTC 2019
RANDOM is :  27762
date is :  Mon Sep 16 08:17:57 UTC 2019
RANDOM is :  26519
date is :  Mon Sep 16 08:18:03 UTC 2019
RANDOM is :  28403
date is :  Mon Sep 16 08:18:09 UTC 2019
RANDOM is :  27219

index.html的输出时间间隔为6秒，与pod的env设置的值一致。

四、ConfigMap

  通过'三、容器中的配置数据传递'，可以将要传递给容器的参数直接定义在镜像中或者pod中通过定义参数值和环境变量方式传递参数给容器，这些方式有如下弊端：

• 1.pod配置不能复用，生产和开发环境需定义两套；
• 2.参数变更时需重启容器；
• 3.镜像中的参数变更需新建镜像；
• 4.不适合分布式环境；

这时就需要ConfigMap，通过Volume的形式被mount到Pod或者环境变量的方式传递参数给容器。

1. 创建configmap

1.1 --from-file指定文件方式

[root@master loong576]# more file1.txt 
file1:abc
file1:123
[root@master loong576]# more file2.txt 
file2:abcd
file2:1234
[root@master loong576]# kubectl create cm my-config-file --from-file=file1.txt --from-file=test2=file2.txt
configmap/my-config-file created
[root@master loong576]# kubectl get cm
NAME             DATA   AGE
my-config-file   2      5s
[root@master loong576]# kubectl describe cm my-config-file 
Name:         my-config-file
Namespace:    default
Labels:       <none>
Annotations:  <none>

Data
====
file1.txt:
----
file1:abc
file1:123

test2:
----
file2:abcd
file2:1234

Events:  <none>

创建configmap my-config-file，指定文件为file1.txt和file2.txt，key值分别为默认的file1.txt和指定的test2。

1.2 --from-file指定目录方式

[root@master configmap]# kubectl create configmap my-config-dir --from-file=/root/loong576/configmap/
configmap/my-config-dir created
[root@master configmap]# kubectl get cm
NAME             DATA   AGE
my-config-dir    2      6s
my-config-file   2      16h

创建configmap my-config-dir,指定目录为/root/loong576/configmap/,该目录下有文件my-nginx-config.conf和sleep-interval,一个为nginx配置,一个为脚本循环时间设置，后面的configmap会用到。

1.3 --from-literal字面量方式

[root@master loong576]# kubectl create cm  my-config-literal --from-literal=username=admin --from-literal=password=123456                    
configmap/my-config-literal created
[root@master loong576]# kubectl get cm
NAME                DATA   AGE
my-config-dir       2      18m
my-config-file      2      16h
my-config-literal   2      4s

创建configmap my-config-literal,key分别为admin和password

1.4 --from-env-file键值对方式

[root@master loong576]# more bar.env 
a=1
b=2
c=3
d=4
e
f=
gggg
h='8'
#i = '9'
j="10"
[root@master loong576]# kubectl create configmap my-config-env --from-env-file=./bar.env 
configmap/my-config-env created
[root@master loong576]# kubectl get cm
NAME                DATA   AGE
my-config-dir       2      23m
my-config-env       9      3s
my-config-file      2      16h
my-config-literal   2      5m35s

键值对方式对格式有一定要求：有效的环境变量名必须由字母字符、数字、''-'或'.'组成，并且不能以数字开头（例如，'.my.env name'，或'.my'.env.name'，或'.myenvname1'，用于验证的regex是'[-.'-z a-z][-.'-u a-za-z0-9]*'）

1.5 yaml文件方式

[root@master loong576]# more configmap.yaml 
apiVersion: v1
kind: ConfigMap
metadata:
  name: my-config-yaml
data:
  sleep-interval: "15"
[root@master loong576]# kubectl apply -f configmap.yaml 
configmap/my-config-yaml created
[root@master loong576]# kubectl get cm
NAME                DATA   AGE
my-config-dir       2      34m
my-config-env       9      11m
my-config-file      2      16h
my-config-literal   2      16m
my-config-yaml      1      3s
[root@master loong576]# kubectl describe cm my-config-yaml 
Name:         my-config-yaml
Namespace:    default
Labels:       <none>
Annotations:  kubectl.kubernetes.io/last-applied-configuration:
                {"apiVersion":"v1","data":{"sleep-interval":"15"},"kind":"ConfigMap","metadata":{"annotations":{},"name":"my-config-yaml","namespace":"def...

Data
====
sleep-interval:
----
15
Events:  <none>

创建configmap my-config-yaml,指定key值sleep-interval为15

2. 使用configmap

2.1 新建pod date-random-configmap-volume

创建pod date-random-configmap-volume,给容器centos-date传递ConfigMap条目sleep-interval作为环境变量；将ConfigMap作为卷挂载至容器nginx-server作为nginx配置文件

[root@master loong576]# more date-random-configmap-volume.yaml             
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: date-random-configmap-volume
spec:
  containers:
  - image: loong576/date-random:env    #容器centos-date使用的镜像，tag为env
    env:
    - name: INTERVAL                   #环境变量名为INTERVAL，与脚本date-random.sh中定义的保持一致
      valueFrom:
        configMapKeyRef:               #使用ConfigMap初始化
          name: my-config-dir          #ConfigMap名称
          key: sleep-interval          #环境变量的值被设置为ConfigMap下sleep-interval对应的值
    name: centos-date 
    volumeMounts:
    - name: html
      mountPath: /var/htdocs           #挂载emptyDir卷的位置
  - image: nginx
    name: nginx-server 
    volumeMounts:
    - name: html
      mountPath: /usr/share/nginx/html #挂载emptyDir卷的位置
      readOnly: true
    - name: config
      mountPath: /etc/nginx/conf.d     #挂载ConfigMap卷的位置
      readOnly: true
  volumes:
  - name: html
    emptyDir: {}
  - name: config
    configMap:
      name: my-config-dir              #定义卷类型为ConfigMap，名字为my-config-dir
      items:                           #选择包含在卷中的条目
      - key: my-nginx-config.conf      #被挂载的条目为my-nginx-config.conf 
        path: nginx-port.conf          #挂载至容器的文件名
[root@master loong576]# kubectl apply -f date-random-configmap-volume.yaml 
pod/date-random-configmap-volume created
[root@master loong576]# kubectl get po -o wide
NAME                           READY   STATUS             RESTARTS   AGE   IP             NODE     NOMINATED NODE   READINESS GATES
date-random-configmap          2/2     Running            2          29h   10.244.1.211   node01   <none>           <none>
date-random-configmap-args     2/2     Running            2          24h   10.244.2.210   node02   <none>           <none>
date-random-configmap-env      2/2     Running            2          24h   10.244.1.209   node01   <none>           <none>
date-random-configmap-volume   2/2     Running            0          20s   10.244.1.216   node01   <none>           <none>
nginx                          0/1     CrashLoopBackOff   113        24h   10.244.1.212   node01   <none>           <none>

通过挂载ConfigMap更新nginx配置原理：Nginx需读取配置文件/etc/nginx/nginx.conf, 默认配置文件会自动嵌入子文件夹/etc/nginx/conf.d/下的所有conf文件， 因此只需要将你的配置文件置于该子文件夹中即可

2.2 访问测试

[root@master loong576]# curl 10.244.1.216:81
date is :  Tue Sep 17 08:27:34 UTC 2019
RANDOM is :  9389
date is :  Tue Sep 17 08:27:42 UTC 2019
RANDOM is :  22109
date is :  Tue Sep 17 08:27:50 UTC 2019
RANDOM is :  13043

访问pod，nginx端口为81，date输出的间隔为8秒

[root@master loong576]# kubectl exec  -it date-random-configmap-volume -c nginx-server sh
# cd /etc/nginx/conf.d
# ls
nginx-port.conf
# more nginx-port.conf
server {
    listen              81;
    server_name         localhost;

    gzip on;
    gzip_types text/plain application/xml;

    location / {
        root   /usr/share/nginx/html;
        index  index.html index.htm;
    }

}

进入容器nginx-server，/etc/nginx/conf.d下发现作为卷挂载的ConfigMap条目nginx-port.conf

3. 更新应用配置

3.1 更新ConfigMap

[root@master loong576]# kubectl edit cm my-config-dir

更新my-config-dir,将条目my-nginx-config.conf的nginx监听端口由81更改为82

3.2 nginx加载配置

# nginx -s reload

由于nginx不会自动加载配置，故需重新加载

3.3 再次访问nginx

[root@master loong576]# curl 10.244.1.216:82
date is :  Tue Sep 17 08:27:34 UTC 2019
RANDOM is :  9389
date is :  Tue Sep 17 08:27:42 UTC 2019
RANDOM is :  22109
date is :  Tue Sep 17 08:27:50 UTC 2019
RANDOM is :  13043

再次访问nginx，端口变为82.

使用ConfigMap更新配置文件可避免pod重启或容器重建。

五、Secret

为了存储与分发此类信息，Kubemetes提供了一种称为Secret的单独资源对象。Secret结构与ConfigMap类似，均是键／值对的映射。

Secret作用:

• 将 Secret 条目作为环境变量传递给容器
• 将 Secret 条目暴露为卷中的文件

1. 创建Secret

和ConfigMap类似，Secret也有5中创建方式

使用文件、目录和字面量方式：

[root@master loong576]# kubectl create secret generic mysecret --from-file=./username.txt --from-file=mypassword=./password.txt --from-literal=loong=576  --from-file=./secret-dir/ 
secret/mysecret created
[root@master loong576]# kubectl get secrets mysecret 
NAME       TYPE     DATA   AGE
mysecret   Opaque   5      15s

secret有三种类型：

• docker-registry 创建一个给Docker registry使用的secret
• generic 从本地file, directory或者literal value创建一个secret
• tls 创建一个TLS secret

这里使用的是generic方式，后面还会用到docker-registry方式。

键值对方式：

[root@master loong576]# kubectl create secret generic mysecret-env --from-env-file=secret-env.txt
secret/mysecret-env created
[root@master loong576]# kubectl get secrets 
NAME                  TYPE                                  DATA   AGE
default-token-gwhj2   kubernetes.io/service-account-token   3      2m29s
mysecret              Opaque                                5      103s
mysecret-env          Opaque                                3      7s

yaml方式：

[root@master loong576]# echo loong|base64                              
bG9vbmcK
[root@master loong576]# echo 576|base64                
NTc2Cg==
[root@master loong576]# more secret-yaml.yaml 
apiVersion: v1
kind: Secret
metadata:
  name: mysecret-yaml
data:
  username: bG9vbmcK 
  password: NTc2Cg== 
[root@master loong576]# kubectl apply -f secret-yaml.yaml 
secret/mysecret-yaml created
[root@master loong576]# kubectl get secrets 
NAME                  TYPE                                  DATA   AGE
default-token-gwhj2   kubernetes.io/service-account-token   3      31m
mysecret              Opaque                                5      30m
mysecret-env          Opaque                                3      29m
mysecret-yaml         Opaque                                2      5s

注意，yaml方式中条目对应的key值对应的value需base64编码，直接写明文会报错。

2. 查看Secret

[root@master loong576]# kubectl get secrets              
NAME                  TYPE                                  DATA   AGE
default-token-gwhj2   kubernetes.io/service-account-token   3      36m
mysecret              Opaque                                5      35m
mysecret-env          Opaque                                3      33m
mysecret-yaml         Opaque                                2      4m53s
[root@master loong576]# kubectl describe secrets mysecret
Name:         mysecret
Namespace:    default
Labels:       <none>
Annotations:  <none>

Type:  Opaque

Data
====
dir1.txt:      8 bytes
dir2.txt:      8 bytes
loong:         3 bytes
mypassword:    7 bytes
username.txt:  6 bytes
[root@master loong576]# kubectl get secrets mysecret -o yaml
apiVersion: v1
data:
  dir1.txt: dGVzdDAwMQo=
  dir2.txt: dGVzdDAwMgo=
  loong: NTc2
  mypassword: YWJjMTIzCg==
  username.txt: YWRtaW4K
kind: Secret
metadata:
  creationTimestamp: "2019-09-18T01:55:47Z"
  name: mysecret
  namespace: default
  resourceVersion: "2643256"
  selfLink: /api/v1/namespaces/default/secrets/mysecret
  uid: 6ebdc96c-d9b7-11e9-863b-000c29d99ba3
type: Opaque
[root@master loong576]# echo dGVzdDAwMQo=|base64 --decode   
test001

通过'kubectl get secrets'查看所有secret，通过'kubectl describe secrets mysecret'查看条目key值，通过'kubectl get secrets mysecret -o yaml'可查看条目的value值，不过需要base64解码。

3. 使用Secret

本文以使用Secret拉取私有镜像为例介绍Secret的用法。

3.1 创建secret docker-registry

[root@master loong576]# kubectl create secret docker-registry loong576-secret --docker-username=loong576 --docker-password=xxxxxxxxxx  --docker-email=xxxxxxxxx@126.com
secret/loong576-secret created
[root@master loong576]# kubectl get secrets loong576-secret 
NAME              TYPE                             DATA   AGE
loong576-secret   kubernetes.io/dockerconfigjson   1      16s
[root@master loong576]# 

创建secret docker-registry：loong576-secret，dockerhub的用户名密码和邮箱根据个人的实际情况填写。

3.2 创建私有镜像loong576/test

在dockerhub上创建私有镜像loong576/test

3.3 创建pod private-pod-secret

[root@master loong576]# more private-image-secret-volume.yaml 
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: private-pod-secret
spec:
  imagePullSecrets:
  - name: loong576-secret                    #引用创建的docker-registry secret:loong576-secret
  containers:
  - image: loong576/test                     #拉取私有镜像 
    name: busybox576 
    args: ["/bin/sh","-c","sleep 600000"]
    volumeMounts:
    - name: vol-secret
      mountPath: /etc/loong576               #将卷挂载至容器的路径
      readOnly: true 
  volumes:
  - name: vol-secret                         #将secret作为卷挂载，卷名为vol-secret
    secret:
      secretName: mysecret-yaml              #引用之前创建的secret mysecret-yaml 
[root@master loong576]# kubectl apply -f private-image-secret-volume.yaml 
pod/private-pod-secret created
[root@master loong576]# kubectl get po -o wide
NAME                           READY   STATUS             RESTARTS   AGE   IP             NODE     NOMINATED NODE   READINESS GATES
date-random-configmap          2/2     Running            4          2d    10.244.1.217   node01   <none>           <none>
date-random-configmap-args     2/2     Running            4          43h   10.244.2.213   node02   <none>           <none>
date-random-configmap-env      2/2     Running            4          42h   10.244.1.220   node01   <none>           <none>
date-random-configmap-volume   2/2     Running            2          18h   10.244.1.221   node01   <none>           <none>
nginx                          0/1     CrashLoopBackOff   156        43h   10.244.1.218   node01   <none>           <none>
private-pod-secret             1/1     Running            0          45s   10.244.2.218   node02   <none>           <none>

创建pod private-pod-secret，使用secret loong576-secret拉取私有镜像，将secret mysecret-yaml作为卷挂载至容器。

3.4 pod中查看secret

[root@master loong576]# kubectl exec -it private-pod-secret sh
/ # df -h
Filesystem                Size      Used Available Use% Mounted on
overlay                   5.0G      3.5G      1.5G  70% /
tmpfs                    64.0M         0     64.0M   0% /dev
tmpfs                   909.8M         0    909.8M   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
tmpfs                   909.8M      8.0K    909.8M   0% /etc/loong576
/dev/mapper/root--vg-var
                          5.0G      3.5G      1.5G  70% /dev/termination-log
/dev/mapper/root--vg-var
                          5.0G      3.5G      1.5G  70% /etc/resolv.conf
/dev/mapper/root--vg-var
                          5.0G      3.5G      1.5G  70% /etc/hostname
/dev/mapper/root--vg-var
                          5.0G      3.5G      1.5G  70% /etc/hosts
shm                      64.0M         0     64.0M   0% /dev/shm
tmpfs                   909.8M     12.0K    909.8M   0% /var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount
tmpfs                   909.8M         0    909.8M   0% /proc/acpi
tmpfs                    64.0M         0     64.0M   0% /proc/kcore
tmpfs                    64.0M         0     64.0M   0% /proc/keys
tmpfs                    64.0M         0     64.0M   0% /proc/timer_list
tmpfs                    64.0M         0     64.0M   0% /proc/timer_stats
tmpfs                    64.0M         0     64.0M   0% /proc/sched_debug
tmpfs                   909.8M         0    909.8M   0% /proc/scsi
tmpfs                   909.8M         0    909.8M   0% /sys/firmware
/ # cd /etc/loong576/
/etc/loong576 # ls -l
total 0
lrwxrwxrwx    1 root     root            15 Sep 18 03:15 password -> ..data/password
lrwxrwxrwx    1 root     root            15 Sep 18 03:15 username -> ..data/username
/etc/loong576 # more username 
loong
/etc/loong576 # more password 
576

进入容器查看secret，发现/etc/loong576下作为卷挂载的secret；/etc/loong576文件系统类型为tmpfs，说明secret卷采用内存文件系统挂载，secret数据不会写入磁盘，保证数据安全。

4. 更新Secret

[root@master loong576]# echo loong-update|base64
bG9vbmctdXBkYXRlCg==
[root@master loong576]# echo 576-update|base64
NTc2LXVwZGF0ZQo=
[root@master loong576]# kubectl edit secret mysecret-yaml 
secret/mysecret-yaml edited

更新mysecret-yaml，发现容器中挂载的内容同时被更新。

本文所有脚本和配置文件已上传：k8s实践(八)：ConfigMap and Secret