Java 并发编程之ThreadLocal详解及实例

import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;

public class UniqueThreadIdGenerator {
  private static final AtomicInteger uniqueId = new AtomicInteger(0);

  private static final ThreadLocal<Integer> uniqueNum = new ThreadLocal<Integer>() {
    @Override
    protected Integer initialValue() {
      return uniqueId.getAndIncrement();
    }
  };

  public static void main(String[] args) {
    Thread[] threads = new Thread[5];
    for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
      String name = "Thread-" + i;
      threads[i] = new Thread(name){
        @Override
        public void run() {
          System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + ": "
              + uniqueNum.get());
        }
      };
      threads[i].start();
    }

    System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + ": "
        + uniqueNum.get());
  }
}/* Output(输出结果不唯一): 
    Thread-1: 2
    Thread-0: 0
    Thread-2: 3
    main: 1
    Thread-3: 4
    Thread-4: 5
 *///:~

public T get() { }
public void set(T value) { }
public void remove() { }
protected T initialValue() { }

 /**
   * Returns the value in the current thread's copy of this
   * thread-local variable. If the variable has no value for the
   * current thread, it is first initialized to the value returned
   * by an invocation of the {@link #initialValue} method.
   *
   * @return the current thread's value of this thread-local
   */
  public T get() {
    Thread t = Thread.currentThread();  // 获取当前线程对象
    ThreadLocalMap map = getMap(t);   // 获取当前线程的成员变量 threadLocals
    if (map != null) {
      // 从当前线程的 ThreadLocalMap 获取该 thread-local variable 对应的 entry
      ThreadLocalMap.Entry e = map.getEntry(this);  
      if (e != null)   
        return (T)e.value;  // 取得目标值
    }
    return setInitialValue(); 
  }

/**
   * Variant of set() to establish initialValue. Used instead
   * of set() in case user has overridden the set() method.
   *
   * @return the initial value
   */
  private T setInitialValue() {
    T value = initialValue();   // 默认实现返回 null
    Thread t = Thread.currentThread();  // 获得当前线程
    ThreadLocalMap map = getMap(t);   // 得到当前线程 ThreadLocalMap类型域 threadLocals
    if (map != null)
      map.set(this, value); // 该 map 的键是当前 ThreadLocal 对象
    else
      createMap(t, value);  
    return value;
  }

 /**
   * Returns the current thread's "initial value" for this
   * thread-local variable. This method will be invoked the first
   * time a thread accesses the variable with the {@link #get}
   * method, unless the thread previously invoked the {@link #set}
   * method, in which case the <tt>initialValue</tt> method will not
   * be invoked for the thread. Normally, this method is invoked at
   * most once per thread, but it may be invoked again in case of
   * subsequent invocations of {@link #remove} followed by {@link #get}.
   *
   * <p>This implementation simply returns <tt>null</tt>; if the
   * programmer desires thread-local variables to have an initial
   * value other than <tt>null</tt>, <tt>ThreadLocal</tt> must be
   * subclassed, and this method overridden. Typically, an
   * anonymous inner class will be used.
   *
   * @return the initial value for this thread-local
   */
  protected T initialValue() {
    return null;      // 默认实现返回 null
  }

/**
   * Create the map associated with a ThreadLocal. Overridden in
   * InheritableThreadLocal.
   *
   * @param t the current thread
   * @param firstValue value for the initial entry of the map
   * @param map the map to store.
   */
  void createMap(Thread t, T firstValue) {
    t.threadLocals = new ThreadLocalMap(this, firstValue); // this 指代当前 ThreadLocal 变量，为 map 的键 
  }

public class Test {

  ThreadLocal<Long> longLocal = new ThreadLocal<Long>();
  ThreadLocal<String> stringLocal = new ThreadLocal<String>();

  public void set() {
    longLocal.set(Thread.currentThread().getId());
    stringLocal.set(Thread.currentThread().getName());
  }

  public long getLong() {
    return longLocal.get();
  }

  public String getString() {
    return stringLocal.get();
  }

  public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
    final Test test = new Test();

    test.set();
    System.out.println("父线程 main ：");
    System.out.println(test.getLong());
    System.out.println(test.getString());

    Thread thread1 = new Thread() {
      public void run() {
        test.set();
        System.out.println("\n子线程 Thread-0 ：");
        System.out.println(test.getLong());
        System.out.println(test.getString());
      };
    };
    thread1.start();
  }
}/* Output: 
    父线程 main ：
          1
          main

    子线程 Thread-0 ：
          12
          Thread-0
 *///:~

private static ThreadLocal<Connection> connectionHolder = new ThreadLocal<Connection>() {
  public Connection initialValue() {
    return DriverManager.getConnection(DB_URL);
  }
};

public static Connection getConnection() {
  return connectionHolder.get();
}

private static final ThreadLocal threadSession = new ThreadLocal();

public static Session getSession() throws InfrastructureException {
  Session s = (Session) threadSession.get();
  try {
    if (s == null) {
      s = getSessionFactory().openSession();
      threadSession.set(s);
    }
  } catch (HibernateException ex) {
    throw new InfrastructureException(ex);
  }
  return s;
}