Oracle管理

一、客户端连接服务器
1.查看服务器监听程序配置文件（先不用改动）
[root@oracle/]#su - oracle
[oracle@oracle~]$ cd $ORACLE_HOME/network/admin
[oracle@oracleadmin]$ vim listener.ora

2.查看服务器的实例名
SQL> select instance_name from v$instance;

INSTANCE_NAME

Orcl

3.设置客户端配置文件tnsnames.ora
ORCL = //ORCL即为连接标识符
(DESCRIPTION =
(ADDRESS_LIST =
(ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = rhel1.benet.com)(PORT = 1521))
)
(CONNECT_DATA =
(SERVER = DEDICATED)
(SID = orcl)
)
4.连接实例
请输入用户名: sys/123456@orcl as sysdba
5.停止监听器
[oracle@rhel1 admin]$lsnrctl stop listener
6.再连接

请输入用户名: sys/123456@orcl as sysdba
ERROR:
ORA-12541: TNS: 无监听程序

7、再创建一个监听器，同时做静态注册，并进行连接
①.创建新的监听器
LISTENER1 =
(DESCRIPTION_LIST =
(DESCRIPTION =
(ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = IPC)(KEY = EXTPROC1522))
(ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = rhel1.benet.com)(PORT = 1522))
)
)
SID_LIST_LISTENER1 =
(SID_LIST =
(SID_DESC =
(SID_NAME = orcl)
(ORACLE_HOME = /opt/oracle/product/11.2/db_1)
(GLOBAL_DBNAME = orclabc)
)//所有()前面至少加一个空格
)
②.重新加载配置文件（可以省略）
[oracle@rhel1 admin]$lsnrctl reload
③.启动listener1监听器
The command completed successfully
[oracle@rhel1 admin]$lsnrctl start listener1
④.在客户机上修改tnsnames.ora配置文件
ORCL =
(DESCRIPTION =
(ADDRESS_LIST =
(ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = rhel1.benet.com)(PORT = 1521))
)
(CONNECT_DATA =
(SERVER = DEDICATED)
(SID = orcl)
)
)
ORCL1 =
(DESCRIPTION =
(ADDRESS_LIST =
(ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = rhel1.benet.com)(PORT = 1522))
)
(CONNECT_DATA =
(SERVER = DEDICATED)
(SID = orcl)
)
)
⑤.在客户机上连接连接listener1监听器
请输入用户名: sys/123456@orcl1 as sysdba

连接到:
Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition Release 11.2.0.1.0 - 64bit Production
With the Partitioning, OLAP, Data Mining and Real Application Testing options

二•管理控制文件
1.获得控制文件信息
SQL> select name from v$controlfile;

NAME

/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/control01.ctl
/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/control02.ctl

2.获取控制文件中包含的内容
SQL> select type,record_size,records_total,records_used from v$controlfile_record_section;
3.创建多路复用控制文件
①先创建存放控制文件的目录，并更改属主位oracle
[oracle@rhel1 ~]$su - root
[root@rhel1 ~]#mkdir -p /backup1/control
[root@rhel1 ~]#mkdir -p /backup2/control
[root@rhel1 ~]#chown -R oracle /backup1
[root@rhel1 ~]#chown -R oracle /backup2
②在数据库仍然打开时，修改spfile中的contro_files参数
[root@rhel1 ~]#su - oracle
[oracle@rhel1 ~]$sqlplus sys/123456 as sysdba
SQL> alter system set
2 control_files=
3 '/opt/oracle/oradata/orcl/control01.ctl',
4 '/backup1/control/control02.ctl',
5 '/backup2/control/control03.ctl' scope=spfile;
③关闭数据库
SQL> shutdown immediate;
④使用操作系统命令将文件复制到新的位置
SQL> quit;
[oracle@rhel1 ~]$ cp /opt/oracle/oradata/orcl/control01.ctl /backup1/control/control02.ctl
[oracle@rhel1 ~]$ cp /opt/oracle/oradata/orcl/control01.ctl /backup2/control/control03.ctl
⑤重新启动数据库
[oracle@rhel1 ~]$sqlplus sys/123456 as sysdba
SQL>startup
4.备份与恢复控制文件
方法一：直接用现有的完好的控制文件覆盖损坏或丢失的控制文件
①模拟故障，停止数据库，删除控制文件
sql>shutdown immediat
sql>quit
$rm -f /badkup1/control/control02.ctl
②启动数据库
sql>startup 观察现象
③恢复控制文件
sql>shutdown abort;
sql>quit
$ cp /opt/oracle/oradata/orcl/control01.ctl /backup1/control/control02.ctl
④再次启动数据库
sql>startup
方法二：利用专用的备份数据库语句
①创建备份
SQL> quit
[oracle@rhel1 ~]$su - root
[root@rhel1 ~]#mkdir /opt/oracle/oradata/orcl/backup
[root@rhel1 ~]#chown -R oracle /opt/oracle/oradata/orcl/backup/
SQL> alter database backup controlfile to '/opt/oracle/oradata/orcl/backup/control.bkp';
②模拟故障
SQL> shutdown immediate
SQL> quit
[oracle@rhel1 ~]$ rm backup1/control/control02.ctl
[oracle@rhel1 ~]$sqlplus sys/123456 as sysdba
SQL> startup
ORACLE instance started.

Total System Global Area 780824576 bytes
Fixed Size 2217424 bytes
Variable Size 490736176 bytes
Database Buffers 281018368 bytes
Redo Buffers 6852608 bytes
ORA-00205: error in identifying control file, check alert log for more info
③恢复控制文件
 使用os命令复制备份文件到原来的路径，为了保持一致，将没有丢失的控制文件也恢复一份
[oracle@rhel1 ~]$cp/opt/oracle/oradata/orcl/backup/control.bkp /opt/oracle/oradata/orcl/control01.ctl
[oracle@rhel1 orcl]$ cp /opt/oracle/oradata/orcl/backup/control.bkp /backup1/control/control02.ctl
[oracle@rhel1 orcl]$ cp /opt/oracle/oradata/orcl/backup/control.bkp /backup2/control/control03.ctl
[oracle@rhel1 orcl]$sqlplus sys/123456 as sysdba
SQL> alter database mount;
 查看当前活动的日志文件
SQL> startup mount;
SQL> select group#,sequence#,archived,status from v$log;
GROUP# SEQUENCE# ARCHIV STATUS

 1      4 NO     INACTIVE
 3      6 NO     CURRENT
 2      5 NO     INACTIVE

 利用控制文件来恢复数据库
SQL> select group#,status,type,member from v$logfile;
SQL> recover database using backup controlfile;
ORA-00279: change 1039911 generated at 05/30/2017 12:55:30 needed for thread 1
ORA-00289: suggestion :
/opt/oracle/flash_recovery_area/ORCL/archivelog/2017_05_30/o1_mf_16%u_.arc
ORA-00280: change 1039911 for thread 1 is in sequence #6 //根据提示在下面输入当前的日志文件
/opt/oracle/oradata/orcl/redo03.log
 打开数据库
SQL> alter database open resetlogs;
resetlogs选项的意思是要打开数据时，重置重做日志，即将重做日志的sequence置零

三.管理重做日志文件

1. 使用v$log查看重做日志信息
   [oracle@oracle~]$sqlplus / as sysdba
   SQL> select group#,sequence#,bytes,members,archived,status from v$log;

   GROUP# SEQUENCE# BYTES MEMBERS ARCHIVED

   ---

   STATUS

   1 4 209715200 1 NO
   CURRENT

   2 2 209715200 1 NO
   INACTIVE

   3 3 209715200 1 NO
   INACTIVE

2.使用v$logfile查看重做日志组信息
SQL> select group#,status,type,member from v$logfile;

GROUP# STATUS        TYPE

MEMBER

 3           ONLINE

/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/redo03.log

 2           ONLINE

/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/redo02.log

 1           ONLINE

/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/redo01.log

3.创建重做日志组
SQL> quit[oracle@oracle~]$su
br/>[oracle@oracle~]$su
[root@oracleoracle]#mkdir -p /backup/orcl/log
[root@oracleoracle]#chown -R oracle /backup
[oracle@oracle~]$sqlplus / as sysdba
SQL> alter database add logfile group 4
('/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/redo04a.log',
'/backup/orcl/log/redo04b.log') size 10m;
数据库已更改。

4.删除重做日志组4（只是删除了日志组，日志文件并没有删除）
①删除之前先查看下，然后再删除
SQL> select group#,sequence#,bytes,members,archived,status from v$log;

GROUP#  SEQUENCE#      BYTES    MEMBERS ARCHIVED

STATUS

 1  4  209715200      1 NO

CURRENT

 2  2  209715200      1 NO

INACTIVE

 3  3  209715200      1 NO

INACTIVE

GROUP#  SEQUENCE#      BYTES    MEMBERS ARCHIVED

STATUS

 4      0   10485760      2 YES

UNUSED

SQL> alter database drop logfile group 4;

数据库已更改。
说明：
① 当前的日志组不能删除，要删除当前日志组需要先对当前日志组进行切换，使用命令为alter system switch logfile
② 活动的日志组不可以删除
③ 没有归档的日志组不可以删除（前提是已经运行在归档模式）

5.添加/删除重做日志文件，分别向日志组1和2添加一个日志文件
①添加重做日志文件
SQL> alter database add logfile member
2 '/backup/orcl/log/redo01a.log' to group 1,
3 '/backup/orcl/log/redo02b.log' to group 2;

数据库已更改。

②删除日志文件
SQL> alter database drop logfile member
'/backup/orcl/log/redo02b.log';

数据库已更改。
③查看日志文件
SQL> select group#,status,type,member from v$logfile;

GROUP# STATUS        TYPE

MEMBER

 3           ONLINE

/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/redo03.log

 2           ONLINE

/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/redo02.log

 1           ONLINE

/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/redo01.log

GROUP# STATUS        TYPE

MEMBER

 1 INVALID       ONLINE

/backup/orcl/log/redo01a.log

说明：
 不能删除当前组的成员，若要删除则先执行强制性切换重做日志的命令
 活动的日志成员不可以删除
 没有归档的日志文件不能删除（前提是已运行在归档模式下）
 当日志组只有一个成员

6.日志切换和检查点时间
①强制切换日志文件
SQL> alter system swith logfile;
②强制产生检查点事件
SQL> alter system checkpoint;

四•管理归档日志文件

1. 配置数据库归档日志
   ① 查看数据库归档模式，确定当前不处于归档模式
   SQL> archive log list;
   数据库日志模式 非存档模式
   自动存档 禁用
   存档终点 /u01/app/oracle/product/12.2.0/dbhome_1/dbs/arch
   最早的联机日志序列 2
   当前日志序列 4

② 关闭数据库并启动数据库到mount状态
SQL> shutdown immediate
数据库已经关闭。
已经卸载数据库。
ORACLE 例程已经关闭。
SQL> startup mount;
ORACLE 例程已经启动。

Total System Global Area 1593835520 bytes
Fixed Size 8793256 bytes
Variable Size 1023411032 bytes
Database Buffers 553648128 bytes
Redo Buffers 7983104 bytes
数据库装载完毕。

③ 将数据库设置为归档模式并查看归档模式是否改变
SQL> alter database archivelog;

数据库已更改。

SQL> archive log list;
数据库日志模式 存档模式
自动存档 启用
存档终点 /u01/app/oracle/product/12.2.0/dbhome_1/dbs/arch
最早的联机日志序列 2
下一个存档日志序列 4
当前日志序列 4
SQL> alter database open ;

数据库已更改。

④ 查看归档日志文件的路径
查看当前有效的归档日志文件存储目录
SQL> selectdest_id,dest_name,status,destination from v$archive_dest ;
DEST_ID

DEST_NAME

STATUS

DESTINATION

 1

LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_1
VALID
/u01/app/oracle/product/12.2.0/dbhome_1/dbs/arch

DEST_ID

DEST_NAME

STATUS

DESTINATION

 2

LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_2
INACTIVE//省略部分信息
SQL> select dest_id,name,archived from v$archived_log;
DEST_ID NAME ARCHIV
1/opt/oracle/flash_recovery_area/ORCL/archivelog/2016_11_19/o1_mf_1_8d2yh7kfx.arc YES
⑤ 改归档日志文件存放路径
[root@oracleserver~]#mkdir /aa
[root@oracleserver~]#chown -R oracle /aa
[root@oracleserver~]#su – oracle
[oracle@oracleserver~]$sqlplus / as sysdba
SQL> alter system set log_archive_dest='/aa' scope=spfile;

实验五：数据字典管理
1.创建一个班级表空间，空间大小为100m，数据文件放在/data目录下
[root@rhel1 ~]#mkdir /data
[root@rhel1 ~]#chown -R oracle /data
[root@rhel1 ~]#su - oracle
[oracle@rhel1 ~]$sqlplus / as sysdba
SQL> create tablespace t374
datafile '/data/t374.dbf' size 100m；
2.创建本人用户，默认表空间为班级表空间
SQL> create user name
identified by 123456
default tablespace t374;

3. 授予其连接数据库和创建以及创建视图表的权限
   SQL> grant connect,resource,create view to name;
4. 切换称本人账户并创建表student,表里包含name和passwd字段
   SQL>SQL> conn name;
   SQL> create table student
   (name varchar(10),
   passwd varchar(20));
   5.创建视图student_view
   SQL> create view student_view
   2 as
   3 select * from student;

6.查询当前用户有哪些表
SQL> desc user_tables;
SQL>select * from user_tables;
SQL> select table_name fromuser_tables;
TABLE_NAME

STUDENT
7.查看当前用户有哪些视图
SQL> desc user_views;
SQL> select view_name fromuser_views;
VIEW_NAME

STUDENT_VIEW
8.查询当前用户有哪些数据库对象
SQL> select object_name from user_objects;
OBJECT_NAME

STUDENT_VIEW
STUDENT
9.查询当前用户的信息，包括用户id，用户状态，默认表空间
①查看表结构
SQL> desc user_users;
Name Null? Type

USERNAME NOT NULL VARCHAR2(30)
USER_ID NOT NULL NUMBER
ACCOUNT_STATUS NOT NULL VARCHAR2(32)
LOCK_DATE DATE
EXPIRY_DATE DATE
DEFAULT_TABLESPACE NOT NULL VARCHAR2(30)
TEMPORARY_TABLESPACE NOT NULL VARCHAR2(30)
CREATED NOT NULL DATE
INITIAL_RSRC_CONSUMER_GROUP VARCHAR2(30)
EXTERNAL_NAME
②格式化输出
SQL> col user_id for 999
SQL> col account_status for a10
SQL> col default_tablespace for a30
③查询
SQL> select user_id,account_status,default_tablespace from user_users;

USER_ID ACCOUNT_ST DEFAULT_TABLESPACE

 91 OPEN       T374

10.查询当前用户能访问的所有对象
SQL> select owner,object_name,object_type from all_objects;
11.查询所有的数据字典，并查询所有的以user开头的所有表
SQL> desc dictionary;
Name Null? Type

TABLE_NAME VARCHAR2(30)
COMMENTS VARCHAR2(4000)
SQL> select table_name from dictionary where table_name like 'USER%';
12.查看scott用户的表和表空间
SQL> col owner for a10
SQL> col table_namefor a20
SQL> col tablespace_name for a30
SQL> select owner,table_name,tablespace_name from dba_tables where owner='SCOTT';
OWNER TABLE_NAME TABLESPACE_NAME

SCOTT DEPT USERS
SCOTT EMP USERS
SCOTT BONUS USERS
SCOTT SALGRADE USERS

实验六：动态数据字典
1.查看和日志文件相关的信息（注意大写）
SQL> select * from v$fixed_table where name like 'v$LOG%';
2.查看日志组状态信息
SQL> select group#,members,archived,status from v$log;
GROUP# MEMBERS ARCHIV STATUS

 1      1 NO     INACTIVE
 2      1 NO     INACTIVE
 3      1 NO     CURRENT

3.查看日志文件信息
SQL> col type for a10
SQL> col group# for 99
SQL> select * fromv$logfile;
GROUP# STATUS TYPE MEMBER IS_REC

 3            ONLINE     /opt/oracle/oradata/orcl/redo03.log      NO
 2            ONLINE     /opt/oracle/oradata/orcl/redo02.log      NO
 1            ONLINE     /opt/oracle/oradata/orcl/redo01.log      NO

4.查看当前正在使用的重做日志文件的信息
SQL> select l.group#,l.archived,l.status,lf.type,lf.member from v$log l, v$logfilelf where l.group#=lf.group#;

GROUP# ARCHIV STATUS TYPE

MEMBER

 3 NO     INACTIVE                 ONLINE

/opt/oracle/oradata/orcl/redo03.log

 2 NO     INACTIVE                 ONLINE

/opt/oracle/oradata/orcl/redo02.log

 1 NO     CURRENT                  ONLINE

/opt/oracle/oradata/orcl/redo01.log
5.查看实例信息
SQL> col instance_name for a20;
SQL> col host_name for a10
SQL> select instance_name,host_name,version,startup_time,logins from v$instance;

INSTANCE_NAME HOST_NAME VERSION STARTUP_TIME

LOGINS

orcl rhel1.bene 11.2.0.1.0 30-MAY-17
t.com
ALLOWED
6.查看数据库信息
SQL> col name for a10;
SQL> select name,created,log_mode from v$database;

NAME CREATED LOG_MODE

ORCL 30-MAY-17 NOARCHIVELOG