怎么在PostgreSQL中利用递归优化求稀疏列唯一值？相信很多没有经验的人对此束手无策，为此本文总结了问题出现的原因和解决方法，通过这篇文章希望你能解决这个问题。
创建测试表
bill=# create table t_sex (sex char(1), otherinfo text); CREATE TABLE bill=# insert into t_sex select 'm', generate_series(1,10000000)||'this is test'; INSERT 0 10000000 bill=# insert into t_sex select 'w', generate_series(1,10000000)||'this is test'; INSERT 0 10000000
查询：
可以看到下面的查询速度很慢。
bill=# select count(distinct sex) from t_sex; count ------- 2 (1 row) Time: 8803.505 ms (00:08.804) bill=# select sex from t_sex t group by sex; sex ----- m w (2 rows) Time: 1026.464 ms (00:01.026)
那么我们对该字段加上索引又是什么情况呢？
速度依然没有明显
bill=# create index idx_sex_1 on t_sex(sex); CREATE INDEX bill=# select count(distinct sex) from t_sex; count ------- 2 (1 row) Time: 8502.460 ms (00:08.502) bill=# select sex from t_sex t group by sex; sex ----- m w (2 rows) Time: 572.353 ms
的变化，可以看到执行计划已经使用Index Only Scan了。
bill=# explain select count(distinct sex) from t_sex; QUERY PLAN ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Aggregate (cost=371996.44..371996.45 rows=1 width=8) -> Index Only Scan using idx_sex_1 on t_sex (cost=0.44..321996.44 rows=20000000 width=2) (2 rows)
同样的SQL我们看看在Oracle中性能如何？
创建测试表：
SQL> create table t_sex (sex char(1), otherinfo varchar2(100)); Table created. SQL> insert into t_sex select 'm', rownum||'this is test' from dual connect by level <=10000000; 10000000 rows created. SQL> commit; Commit complete. SQL> insert into t_sex select 'w', rownum||'this is test' from dual connect by level <=10000000; 10000000 rows created. SQL> commit; Commit complete.
性能测试：
SQL> set lines 1000 pages 2000 SQL> set autotrace on SQL> set timing on SQL> select count(distinct sex) from t_sex; COUNT(DISTINCTSEX) ------------------ 2 Elapsed: 00:00:01.58 Execution Plan ---------------------------------------------------------- Plan hash value: 3915432945 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- | Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- | 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 1 | 3 | 20132 (1)| 00:00:01 | | 1 | SORT GROUP BY | | 1 | 3 | | | | 2 | TABLE ACCESS FULL| T_SEX | 14M| 42M| 20132 (1)| 00:00:01 | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- Note ----- - dynamic statistics used: dynamic sampling (level=2) Statistics ---------------------------------------------------------- 0 recursive calls 0 db block gets 74074 consistent gets 0 physical reads 0 redo size 552 bytes sent via SQL*Net to client 608 bytes received via SQL*Net from client 2 SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client 1 sorts (memory) 0 sorts (disk) 1 rows processed SQL> select sex from t_sex t group by sex; SE -- m w Elapsed: 00:00:01.08 Execution Plan ---------------------------------------------------------- Plan hash value: 3915432945 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- | Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- | 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 14M| 42M| 20558 (3)| 00:00:01 | | 1 | SORT GROUP BY | | 14M| 42M| 20558 (3)| 00:00:01 | | 2 | TABLE ACCESS FULL| T_SEX | 14M| 42M| 20132 (1)| 00:00:01 | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- Note ----- - dynamic statistics used: dynamic sampling (level=2) Statistics ---------------------------------------------------------- 0 recursive calls 0 db block gets 74074 consistent gets 0 physical reads 0 redo size 589 bytes sent via SQL*Net to client 608 bytes received via SQL*Net from client 2 SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client 1 sorts (memory) 0 sorts (disk) 2 rows processed
可以看到Oracle的性能即使不加索引也明显比PostgreSQL中要好。
那么我们在PostgreSQL中是不是没办法继续优化了呢？这种情况我们利用pg中的递归语句结合索引可以大幅提升性能。
SQL改写：
bill=# with recursive tmp as ( bill(# ( bill(# select min(t.sex) as sex from t_sex t where t.sex is not null bill(# ) bill(# union all bill(# ( bill(# select (select min(t.sex) from t_sex t where t.sex > s.sex and t.sex is not null) bill(# from tmp s where s.sex is not null bill(# ) bill(# ) bill-# select count(distinct sex) from tmp; count ------- 2 (1 row) Time: 2.711 ms
查看执行计划：
bill=# explain with recursive tmp as ( bill(# ( bill(# select min(t.sex) as sex from t_sex t where t.sex is not null bill(# ) bill(# union all bill(# ( bill(# select (select min(t.sex) from t_sex t where t.sex > s.sex and t.sex is not null) bill(# from tmp s where s.sex is not null bill(# ) bill(# ) bill-# select count(distinct sex) from tmp; QUERY PLAN ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Aggregate (cost=53.62..53.63 rows=1 width=8) CTE tmp -> Recursive Union (cost=0.46..51.35 rows=101 width=32) -> Result (cost=0.46..0.47 rows=1 width=32) InitPlan 3 (returns $1) -> Limit (cost=0.44..0.46 rows=1 width=2) -> Index Only Scan using idx_sex_1 on t_sex t (cost=0.44..371996.44 rows=20000000 width=2) Index Cond: (sex IS NOT NULL) -> WorkTable Scan on tmp s (cost=0.00..4.89 rows=10 width=32) Filter: (sex IS NOT NULL) -> CTE Scan on tmp (cost=0.00..2.02 rows=101 width=32) (11 rows) Time: 1.371 ms
可以看到执行时间从原先的8000ms降低到了2ms，提升了几千倍！
甚至对比Oracle，性能也是提升了很多。
但是需要注意的是：这种写法仅仅是针对稀疏列，换成数据分布广泛的字段，显然性能是下降的, 所以使用递归SQL不适合数据分布广泛的字段的group by或者count(distinct)操作。
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