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简要概括：
协程是 Kotlin 提供的一套线程 API 框架，可以很方便的做线程切换。 而且在不用关心线程调度的情况下，能轻松的做并发编程。也可以说协程就是一种并发设计模式。
下面是使用传统线程和协程执行任务：
Thread{
//执行耗时任务
}.start()
val executors = Executors.newCachedThreadPool()
executors.execute {
//执行耗时任务
}
GlobalScope.launch(Dispatchers.IO) {
//执行耗时任务
}在实际应用开发中，通常是在主线中去启动子线程执行耗时任务，等耗时任务执行完成，再将结果给主线程，然后刷新UI：
Thread{
//执行耗时任务
runOnMainThread {
//获取耗时任务结果，刷新UI
}
}.start()
val executors = Executors.newCachedThreadPool()
executors.execute {
//执行耗时任务
runOnMainThread {
//获取耗时任务结果，刷新UI
}
}
Observable.unsafeCreate<Unit> {
//执行耗时任务
}.subscribeOn(Schedulers.io()).observeOn(AndroidSchedulers.mainThread()).subscribe {
//获取耗时任务结果，刷新UI
}
GlobalScope.launch(Dispatchers.Main) {
val result = withContext(Dispatchers.IO){
//执行耗时任务
}
//直接拿到耗时任务结果，刷新UI
refreshUI(result)
}从上面可以看到，使用Java 的 Thread 和 Executors 都需要手动去处理线程切换，这样的代码不仅不优雅，而且有一个重要问题，那就是要去处理与生命周期相关的上下文判断，这导致逻辑变复杂，而且容易出错。
RxJava 是一套优雅的异步处理框架，代码逻辑简化，可读性和可维护性都很高，很好的帮我们处理线程切换操作。这在 Java 语言环境开发下，是如虎添翼，但是在 Kotlin 语言环境中开发，如今的协程就比 RxJava 更方便，或者说更有优势。
下面看一个 Kotlin 中使用协程的例子：
GlobalScope.launch(Dispatchers.Main) {
Log.d("TestCoroutine", "launch start: ${Thread.currentThread()}")
val numbersTo50Sum = withContext(Dispatchers.IO) {
//在子线程中执行 1-50 的自然数和
Log.d("TestCoroutine", "launch:numbersTo50Sum: ${Thread.currentThread()}")
delay(1000)
val naturalNumbers = generateSequence(0) { it + 1 }
val numbersTo50 = naturalNumbers.takeWhile { it <= 50 }
numbersTo50.sum()
}
val numbers50To100Sum = withContext(Dispatchers.IO) {
//在子线程中执行 51-100 的自然数和
Log.d("TestCoroutine", "launch:numbers50To100Sum: ${Thread.currentThread()}")
delay(1000)
val naturalNumbers = generateSequence(51) { it + 1 }
val numbers50To100 = naturalNumbers.takeWhile { it in 51..100 }
numbers50To100.sum()
}
val result = numbersTo50Sum + numbers50To100Sum
Log.d("TestCoroutine", "launch end:result=$result ${Thread.currentThread()}")
}
Log.d("TestCoroutine", "Hello World!,${Thread.currentThread()}")控制台输出结果：
2023-01-02 16:05:45.846 10153-10153/com.wangjiang.example D/TestCoroutine: Hello World!,Thread[main,5,main]
2023-01-02 16:05:48.058 10153-10153/com.wangjiang.example D/TestCoroutine: launch start: Thread[main,5,main]
2023-01-02 16:05:48.059 10153-10322/com.wangjiang.example D/TestCoroutine: launch:numbersTo50Sum: Thread[DefaultDispatcher-worker-1,5,main]
2023-01-02 16:05:49.114 10153-10322/com.wangjiang.example D/TestCoroutine: launch:numbers50To100Sum: Thread[DefaultDispatcher-worker-1,5,main]
2023-01-02 16:05:50.376 10153-10153/com.wangjiang.example D/TestCoroutine: launch end:result=5050 Thread[main,5,main]
在上面的代码中：
launch 是一个函数，用于创建协程并将其函数主体的执行分派给相应的调度程序。
Dispatchers.MAIN 指示此协程应在为 UI 操作预留的主线程上执行。
Dispatchers.IO 指示此协程应在为 I/O 操作预留的线程上执行。
withContext(Dispatchers.IO) 将协程的执行操作移至一个 I/O 线程。
从控制台输出结果中，可以看出在计算 1-50 和 51-100 的自然数和的时候，线程是从主线程（Thread[main,5,main]）切换到了协程的线程（DefaultDispatcher-worker-1,5,main），这里计算 1-50 和 51-100 都是同一个子线程。
在这里有一个重要的现象，代码从逻辑上看起来是同步的，并且启动协程执行任务的时候，没有阻塞主线程继续执行相关操作，而且在协程中的异步任务执行完成之后，又自动切回了主线程。这就是 Kotlin 协程给开发做并发编程带来的好处。这也是有个概念的来源： Kotlin 协程同步非阻塞。
同步非阻塞”是真的“同步非阻塞” 吗？下面探究一下其中的猫腻，通过 Android Studio ，查看 .class 文件中的上面一段代码：
BuildersKt.launch$default((CoroutineScope)GlobalScope.INSTANCE, (CoroutineContext)Dispatchers.getMain(), (CoroutineStart)null, (Function2)(new Function2((Continuation)null) {
int I$0;
int label;
@Nullable
public final Object invokeSuspend(@NotNull Object $result) {
Object var10000;
int numbersTo50Sum;
label17: {
Object var5 = IntrinsicsKt.getCOROUTINE_SUSPENDED();
Function2 var10001;
CoroutineContext var6;
switch(this.label) {
case 0:
ResultKt.throwOnFailure($result);
Log.d("TestCoroutine", "launch start: " + Thread.currentThread());
var6 = (CoroutineContext)Dispatchers.getIO();
var10001 = (Function2)(new Function2((Continuation)null) {
int label;
@Nullable
public final Object invokeSuspend(@NotNull Object $result) {
Object var4 = IntrinsicsKt.getCOROUTINE_SUSPENDED();
switch(this.label) {
case 0:
ResultKt.throwOnFailure($result);
Log.d("TestCoroutine", "launch:numbersTo50Sum: " + Thread.currentThread());
this.label = 1;
if (DelayKt.delay(1000L, this) == var4) {
return var4;
}
break;
case 1:
ResultKt.throwOnFailure($result);
break;
default:
throw new IllegalStateException("call to 'resume' before 'invoke' with coroutine");
}
Sequence naturalNumbers = SequencesKt.generateSequence(Boxing.boxInt(0), (Function1)null.INSTANCE);
Sequence numbersTo50 = SequencesKt.takeWhile(naturalNumbers, (Function1)null.INSTANCE);
return Boxing.boxInt(SequencesKt.sumOfInt(numbersTo50));
}
@NotNull
public final Continuation create(@Nullable Object value, @NotNull Continuation completion) {
Intrinsics.checkNotNullParameter(completion, "completion");
Function2 var3 = new <anonymous constructor>(completion);
return var3;
}
public final Object invoke(Object var1, Object var2) {
return ((<undefinedtype>)this.create(var1, (Continuation)var2)).invokeSuspend(Unit.INSTANCE);
}
});
this.label = 1;
var10000 = BuildersKt.withContext(var6, var10001, this);
if (var10000 == var5) {
return var5;
}
break;
case 1:
ResultKt.throwOnFailure($result);
var10000 = $result;
break;
case 2:
numbersTo50Sum = this.I$0;
ResultKt.throwOnFailure($result);
var10000 = $result;
break label17;
default:
throw new IllegalStateException("call to 'resume' before 'invoke' with coroutine");
}
numbersTo50Sum = ((Number)var10000).intValue();
var6 = (CoroutineContext)Dispatchers.getIO();
var10001 = (Function2)(new Function2((Continuation)null) {
int label;
@Nullable
public final Object invokeSuspend(@NotNull Object $result) {
Object var4 = IntrinsicsKt.getCOROUTINE_SUSPENDED();
switch(this.label) {
case 0:
ResultKt.throwOnFailure($result);
Log.d("TestCoroutine", "launch:numbers50To100Sum: " + Thread.currentThread());
this.label = 1;
if (DelayKt.delay(1000L, this) == var4) {
return var4;
}
break;
case 1:
ResultKt.throwOnFailure($result);
break;
default:
throw new IllegalStateException("call to 'resume' before 'invoke' with coroutine");
}
Sequence naturalNumbers = SequencesKt.generateSequence(Boxing.boxInt(51), (Function1)null.INSTANCE);
Sequence numbers50To100 = SequencesKt.takeWhile(naturalNumbers, (Function1)null.INSTANCE);
return Boxing.boxInt(SequencesKt.sumOfInt(numbers50To100));
}
@NotNull
public final Continuation create(@Nullable Object value, @NotNull Continuation completion) {
Intrinsics.checkNotNullParameter(completion, "completion");
Function2 var3 = new <anonymous constructor>(completion);
return var3;
}
public final Object invoke(Object var1, Object var2) {
return ((<undefinedtype>)this.create(var1, (Continuation)var2)).invokeSuspend(Unit.INSTANCE);
}
});
this.I$0 = numbersTo50Sum;
this.label = 2;
var10000 = BuildersKt.withContext(var6, var10001, this);
if (var10000 == var5) {
return var5;
}
}
int numbers50To100Sum = ((Number)var10000).intValue();
int result = numbersTo50Sum + numbers50To100Sum;
Log.d("TestCoroutine", "launch end:result=" + result + ' ' + Thread.currentThread());
return Unit.INSTANCE;
}
@NotNull
public final Continuation create(@Nullable Object value, @NotNull Continuation completion) {
Intrinsics.checkNotNullParameter(completion, "completion");
Function2 var3 = new <anonymous constructor>(completion);
return var3;
}
public final Object invoke(Object var1, Object var2) {
return ((<undefinedtype>)this.create(var1, (Continuation)var2)).invokeSuspend(Unit.INSTANCE);
}
}), 2, (Object)null);
Log.d("TestCoroutine", "Hello World!," + Thread.currentThread());虽然上面 .class 文件中的代码比较复杂，但是从大体逻辑可以看出，Kotlin 协程也是通过回调接口来实现异步操作的，这也解释了 Kotlin 协程只是让代码逻辑是同步非阻塞，但是实际上并没有，只是 Kotlin 编译器为代码做了很多事情，这也是说 Kotlin 协程其实就是一套线程 API 框架的原因。
再看一个上面例子的变种：
GlobalScope.launch(Dispatchers.Main) {
Log.d("TestCoroutine", "launch start: ${Thread.currentThread()}")
val numbersTo50Sum = async {
withContext(Dispatchers.IO) {
Log.d("TestCoroutine", "launch:numbersTo50Sum: ${Thread.currentThread()}")
delay(2000)
val naturalNumbers = generateSequence(0) { it + 1 }
val numbersTo50 = naturalNumbers.takeWhile { it <= 50 }
numbersTo50.sum()
}
}
val numbers50To100Sum = async {
withContext(Dispatchers.IO) {
Log.d("TestCoroutine", "launch:numbers50To100Sum: ${Thread.currentThread()}")
delay(500)
val naturalNumbers = generateSequence(51) { it + 1 }
val numbers50To100 = naturalNumbers.takeWhile { it in 51..100 }
numbers50To100.sum()
}
}
// 计算 1-50 和 51-100 的自然数和是两个并发操作
val result = numbersTo50Sum.await() + numbers50To100Sum.await()
Log.d("TestCoroutine", "launch end:result=$result ${Thread.currentThread()}")
}
Log.d("TestCoroutine", "Hello World!,${Thread.currentThread()}")控制台输出结果：
2023-01-02 16:32:12.637 13303-13303/com.wangjiang.example D/TestCoroutine: Hello World!,Thread[main,5,main]
2023-01-02 16:32:13.120 13303-13303/com.wangjiang.example D/TestCoroutine: launch start: Thread[main,5,main]
2023-01-02 16:32:14.852 13303-13444/com.wangjiang.example D/TestCoroutine: launch:numbersTo50Sum: Thread[DefaultDispatcher-worker-2,5,main]
2023-01-02 16:32:14.853 13303-13443/com.wangjiang.example D/TestCoroutine: launch:numbers50To100Sum: Thread[DefaultDispatcher-worker-1,5,main]
2023-01-02 16:32:17.462 13303-13303/com.wangjiang.example D/TestCoroutine: launch end:result=5050 Thread[main,5,main]
async 创建了一个协程，它让计算 1-50 和 51-100 的自然数和是两个并发操作。上面控制台输出结果可以看到计算 1-50 的自然数和是在线程 Thread[DefaultDispatcher-worker-2,5,main] 中，而计算 51-100 的自然数和是在另一个线程Thread[DefaultDispatcher-worker-1,5,main]中。
从上面的例子，协程在异步操作，也就是线程切换上：主线程启动子线程执行耗时操作，耗时操作执行完成将结果更新到主线程的过程中，代码逻辑简化，可读性高。
suspend 直译就是：挂起
suspend 是 Kotlin 语言中一个 关键字，用于修饰方法，当修饰方法时，表示这个方法只能被 suspend 修饰的方法调用或者在协程中被调用。
下面看一下将上面代码案例拆分成几个 suspend 方法：
fun getNumbersTo100Sum() {
GlobalScope.launch(Dispatchers.Main) {
Log.d("TestCoroutine", "launch start: ${Thread.currentThread()}")
val result = calcNumbers1To100Sum()
Log.d("TestCoroutine", "launch end:result=$result ${Thread.currentThread()}")
}
Log.d("TestCoroutine", "Hello World!,${Thread.currentThread()}")
}
private suspend fun calcNumbers1To100Sum(): Int {
return calcNumbersTo50Sum() + calcNumbers50To100Sum()
}
private suspend fun calcNumbersTo50Sum(): Int {
return withContext(Dispatchers.IO) {
Log.d("TestCoroutine", "launch:numbersTo50Sum: ${Thread.currentThread()}")
delay(1000)
val naturalNumbers = generateSequence(0) { it + 1 }
val numbersTo50 = naturalNumbers.takeWhile { it <= 50 }
numbersTo50.sum()
}
}
private suspend fun calcNumbers50To100Sum(): Int {
return withContext(Dispatchers.IO) {
Log.d("TestCoroutine", "launch:numbers50To100Sum: ${Thread.currentThread()}")
delay(1000)
val naturalNumbers = generateSequence(51) { it + 1 }
val numbers50To100 = naturalNumbers.takeWhile { it in 51..100 }
numbers50To100.sum()
}
}控制台输出结果：
2023-01-03 14:47:57.047 11349-11349/com.wangjiang.example D/TestCoroutine: Hello World!,Thread[main,5,main]
2023-01-03 14:47:59.311 11349-11349/com.wangjiang.example D/TestCoroutine: launch start: Thread[main,5,main]
2023-01-03 14:47:59.312 11349-11537/com.wangjiang.example D/TestCoroutine: launch:numbersTo50Sum: Thread[DefaultDispatcher-worker-3,5,main]
2023-01-03 14:48:00.336 11349-11535/com.wangjiang.example D/TestCoroutine: launch:numbers50To100Sum: Thread[DefaultDispatcher-worker-1,5,main]
2023-01-03 14:48:01.339 11349-11349/com.wangjiang.example D/TestCoroutine: launch end:result=5050 Thread[main,5,main]
suspend 关键字标记方法时，其实是告诉 Kotlin 从协程内调用方法。所以这个“挂起”，并不是说方法或函数被挂起，也不是说线程被挂起。
假设一个非 suspend 修饰的方法调用 suspend 修饰的方法会怎么样呢？
private fun calcNumbersTo100Sum(): Int {
return calcNumbersTo50Sum() + calcNumbers50To100Sum()
}此时，编译器会提示：
Suspend function 'calcNumbersTo50Sum' should be called only from a coroutine or another suspend function
Suspend function 'calcNumbers50To100' should be called only from a coroutine or another suspend function
下面查看 .class 文件中的上面方法 calcNumbers50To100Sum 代码：
private final Object calcNumbers50To100Sum(Continuation $completion) {
return BuildersKt.withContext((CoroutineContext)Dispatchers.getIO(), (Function2)(new Function2((Continuation)null) {
int label;
@Nullable
public final Object invokeSuspend(@NotNull Object $result) {
Object var4 = IntrinsicsKt.getCOROUTINE_SUSPENDED();
switch(this.label) {
case 0:
ResultKt.throwOnFailure($result);
Log.d("TestCoroutine", "launch:numbers50To100Sum: " + Thread.currentThread());
this.label = 1;
if (DelayKt.delay(1000L, this) == var4) {
return var4;
}
break;
case 1:
ResultKt.throwOnFailure($result);
break;
default:
throw new IllegalStateException("call to 'resume' before 'invoke' with coroutine");
}
Sequence naturalNumbers = SequencesKt.generateSequence(Boxing.boxInt(51), (Function1)null.INSTANCE);
Sequence numbers50To100 = SequencesKt.takeWhile(naturalNumbers, (Function1)null.INSTANCE);
return Boxing.boxInt(SequencesKt.sumOfInt(numbers50To100));
}
@NotNull
public final Continuation create(@Nullable Object value, @NotNull Continuation completion) {
Intrinsics.checkNotNullParameter(completion, "completion");
Function2 var3 = new <anonymous constructor>(completion);
return var3;
}
public final Object invoke(Object var1, Object var2) {
return ((<undefinedtype>)this.create(var1, (Continuation)var2)).invokeSuspend(Unit.INSTANCE);
}
}), $completion);
}可以看到 private suspend fun calcNumbers50To100Sum() 经过 Kotlin 编译器编译后变成了private final Object calcNumbers50To100Sum(Continuation $completion)， suspend 消失了，方法多了一个参数 Continuation $completion，所以 suspend修饰 Kotlin 的方法或函数，编译器会对此方法做特殊处理。
另外，suspend 修饰的方法，也预示着这个方法是 耗时方法，告诉方法调用者要使用协程。当执行 suspend 方法，也预示着要切换线程，此时主线程依然可以继续执行，而协程里面的代码可能被挂起了。
下面再稍为修改 calcNumbers50To100Sum 方法：
private suspend fun calcNumbers50To100Sum(): Int {
Log.d("TestCoroutine", "launch:numbers50To100Sum:start: ${Thread.currentThread()}")
val sum= withContext(Dispatchers.Main) {
Log.d("TestCoroutine", "launch:numbers50To100Sum: ${Thread.currentThread()}")
delay(1000)
val naturalNumbers = generateSequence(51) { it + 1 }
val numbers50To100 = naturalNumbers.takeWhile { it in 51..100 }
numbers50To100.sum()
}
Log.d("TestCoroutine", "launch:numbers50To100Sum:end: ${Thread.currentThread()}")
return sum
}控制台输出结果：
2023-01-03 15:28:04.349 15131-15131/com.bilibili.studio D/TestCoroutine: Hello World!,Thread[main,5,main]
2023-01-03 15:28:04.803 15131-15131/com.bilibili.studio D/TestCoroutine: launch start: Thread[main,5,main]
2023-01-03 15:28:04.804 15131-15266/com.bilibili.studio D/TestCoroutine: launch:numbersTo50Sum: Thread[DefaultDispatcher-worker-3,5,main]
2023-01-03 15:28:06.695 15131-15131/com.bilibili.studio D/TestCoroutine: launch:numbers50To100Sum:start: Thread[main,5,main]
2023-01-03 15:28:06.696 15131-15131/com.bilibili.studio D/TestCoroutine: launch:numbers50To100Sum: Thread[main,5,main]
2023-01-03 15:28:07.700 15131-15131/com.bilibili.studio D/TestCoroutine: launch:numbers50To100Sum:end: Thread[main,5,main]
2023-01-03 15:28:07.700 15131-15131/com.bilibili.studio D/TestCoroutine: launch end:result=5050 Thread[main,5,main]
主线程不受协程线程的影响。
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