这篇文章主要讲解了“Scrapy的中间件如何使用”,文中的讲解内容简单清晰,易于学习与理解,下面请大家跟着小编的思路慢慢深入,一起来研究和学习“Scrapy的中间件如何使用”吧!
Scrapy 结构概述:
如上图标号4、5处所示,下载器中间件用于处理scrapy的request和response的钩子框架,如在request中设置代理ip,header等,检测response的HTTP响应码等。
scrapy已经自带来一堆下载器中间件。
{ 'scrapy.downloadermiddlewares.robotstxt.RobotsTxtMiddleware': 100, 'scrapy.downloadermiddlewares.httpauth.HttpAuthMiddleware': 300, 'scrapy.downloadermiddlewares.downloadtimeout.DownloadTimeoutMiddleware': 350, 'scrapy.downloadermiddlewares.defaultheaders.DefaultHeadersMiddleware': 400, 'scrapy.downloadermiddlewares.useragent.UserAgentMiddleware': 500, 'scrapy.downloadermiddlewares.retry.RetryMiddleware': 550, 'scrapy.downloadermiddlewares.ajaxcrawl.AjaxCrawlMiddleware': 560, 'scrapy.downloadermiddlewares.redirect.MetaRefreshMiddleware': 580, 'scrapy.downloadermiddlewares.httpcompression.HttpCompressionMiddleware': 590, 'scrapy.downloadermiddlewares.redirect.RedirectMiddleware': 600, 'scrapy.downloadermiddlewares.cookies.CookiesMiddleware': 700, 'scrapy.downloadermiddlewares.httpproxy.HttpProxyMiddleware': 750, 'scrapy.downloadermiddlewares.stats.DownloaderStats': 850, 'scrapy.downloadermiddlewares.httpcache.HttpCacheMiddleware': 900, }
上面就是默认启用的下载器中间件,其各个中间件的作用参考一下官方文档:Scrapy download-middleware
自定义下载器中间件
有时我们需要编写自己的一些下载器中间件,如使用代理池,随机更换user-agent等,要使用自定义的下载器中间件,就需要在setting文件中激活我们自己的实现类,如下:
DOWNLOADERMIDDLEWARES = { 'myproject.middlewares.Custom_A_DownloaderMiddleware': 543, 'myproject.middlewares.Custom_B_DownloaderMiddleware': 643, 'myproject.middlewares.Custom_B_DownloaderMiddleware': None, }
设置值是个DICT,key是我们自定义的类路径,后面数字是执行顺序,数字越小,越靠近引擎,数字越大越靠近下载器,所以数字越小的,processrequest()优先处理;数字越大的,process_response()优先处理;若需要关闭某个中间件直接设为None即可。
(PS. 如果两个下载器的没有强制的前后关系,数字大小没什么影响)
实现下载器我们需要重写以下几个方法:
对于请求的中间件实现 process_request(request, spider);
对于处理回复中间件实现process_response(request, response, spider);
以及异常处理实现 process_exception(request, exception, spider)
process_request:可以选择返回None、Response、Request、raise IgnoreRequest其中之一。
如果返回None,scrapy将继续处理该request,执行其他的中间件的响应方法。直到合适的下载器处理函数(downloader handler)被调用,该request被执行,其response被下载。
如果其返回Response对象,Scrapy将不会调用任何其他的process_request()或process_exception()方法,或相应地下载函数; 其将返回该response。已安装的中间件的process_response()方法则会在每个response返回时被调用
如果其返回Request对象,Scrapy则停止调用process_request方法并重新调度返回的request。当新返回的request被执行后,相应地中间件链将会根据下载的response被调用。
如果其raise IgnoreRequest,则安装的下载中间件的process_exception()方法会被调用。如果没有任何一个方法处理该异常, 则request的errback(Request.errback)方法会被调用。如果没有代码处理抛出的异常, 则该异常被忽略且不记录(不同于其他异常那样)。
通常返回None较常见,它会继续执行爬虫下去
当下载器完成HTTP请求,传递响应给引擎的时候调用,它会返回 Response 、Request 、IgnoreRequest三种对象的一种
若返回Response对象,它会被下个中间件中的process_response()处理
若返回Request对象,中间链停止,然后返回的Request会被重新调度下载
抛出IgnoreRequest,回调函数 Request.errback将会被调用处理,若没处理,将会忽略
当下载处理器(download handler)或process_request()抛出异常(包括 IgnoreRequest 异常)时, Scrapy调用 process_exception() ,通常返回None,它会一直处理异常
这个类方法通常是访问settings和signals的入口函数
例如下面2个例子是更换user-agent和代理ip的下载中间件
# setting中设置 USER_AGENT_LIST = [ \ "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.1 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/22.0.1207.1 Safari/537.1", \ "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; CrOS i686 2268.111.0) AppleWebKit/536.11 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/20.0.1132.57 Safari/536.11", \ "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/536.6 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/20.0.1092.0 Safari/536.6", \ "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.2) AppleWebKit/536.6 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/20.0.1090.0 Safari/536.6", \ "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.2; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.1 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.77.34.5 Safari/537.1", \ "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/536.5 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1084.9 Safari/536.5", \ "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.0) AppleWebKit/536.5 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1084.36 Safari/536.5", \ "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/536.3 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1063.0 Safari/536.3", \ "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 5.1) AppleWebKit/536.3 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1063.0 Safari/536.3", \ "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_8_0) AppleWebKit/536.3 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1063.0 Safari/536.3", \ "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.2) AppleWebKit/536.3 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1062.0 Safari/536.3", \ "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/536.3 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1062.0 Safari/536.3", \ "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.2) AppleWebKit/536.3 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1061.1 Safari/536.3", \ "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/536.3 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1061.1 Safari/536.3", \ "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1) AppleWebKit/536.3 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1061.1 Safari/536.3", \ "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.2) AppleWebKit/536.3 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1061.0 Safari/536.3", \ "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/535.24 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1055.1 Safari/535.24", \ "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.2; WOW64) AppleWebKit/535.24 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1055.1 Safari/535.24", \ "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/43.0.2357.132 Safari/537.36", \ "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; rv:41.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/41.0" ] PROXIES = [ '1.85.220.195:8118', '60.255.186.169:8888', '118.187.58.34:53281', '116.224.191.141:8118', '120.27.5.62:9090', '119.132.250.156:53281', '139.129.166.68:3128' ]
代理ip中间件
import random class Proxy_Middleware(): def __init__(self, crawler): self.proxy_list = crawler.settings.PROXY_LIST self.ua_list = crawler.settings.USER_AGENT_LIST @classmethod def from_crawler(cls, crawler): return cls(crawler) def process_request(self, request, spider): try: ua = random.choice(self.ua_list) request.headers.setdefault('User-Agent', ua) proxy_ip_port = random.choice(self.proxy_list) request.meta['proxy'] = 'http://' + proxy_ip_port except request.exceptions.RequestException: spider.logger.error('some error happended!')
重试中间件
有时使用代理会被远程拒绝或超时等错误,这时我们需要换代理ip重试,重写scrapy.downloadermiddlewares.retry.RetryMiddleware
from scrapy.downloadermiddlewares.retry import RetryMiddleware from scrapy.utils.response import response_status_message class My_RetryMiddleware(RetryMiddleware): def __init__(self, crawler): self.proxy_list = crawler.settings.PROXY_LIST self.ua_list = crawler.settings.USER_AGENT_LIST @classmethod def from_crawler(cls, crawler): return cls(crawler) def process_response(self, request, response, spider): if request.meta.get('dont_retry', False): return response if response.status in self.retry_http_codes: reason = response_status_message(response.status) try: ua = random.choice(self.ua_list) request.headers.setdefault('User-Agent', ua) proxy_ip_port = random.choice(self.proxy_list) request.meta['proxy'] = 'http://' + proxy_ip_port except request.exceptions.RequestException: spider.logger.error('获取讯代理ip失败!') return self._retry(request, reason, spider) or response return response
# scrapy中对接selenium from scrapy.http import HtmlResponse from selenium import webdriver from selenium.common.exceptions import TimeoutException from gp.configs import * class ChromeDownloaderMiddleware(object): def __init__(self): options = webdriver.ChromeOptions() options.add_argument('--headless') # 设置无界面 if CHROME_PATH: options.binary_location = CHROME_PATH if CHROME_DRIVER_PATH: # 初始化Chrome驱动 self.driver = webdriver.Chrome(chrome_options=options, executable_path=CHROME_DRIVER_PATH) else: self.driver = webdriver.Chrome(chrome_options=options) # 初始化Chrome驱动 def __del__(self): self.driver.close() def process_request(self, request, spider): try: print('Chrome driver begin...') self.driver.get(request.url) # 获取网页链接内容 return HtmlResponse(url=request.url, body=self.driver.page_source, request=request, encoding='utf-8', status=200) # 返回HTML数据 except TimeoutException: return HtmlResponse(url=request.url, request=request, encoding='utf-8', status=500) finally: print('Chrome driver end...')
如文章第一张图所示,spider中间件用于处理response及spider生成的item和Request
启动自定义spider中间件必须先开启settings中的设置
SPIDER_MIDDLEWARES = { 'myproject.middlewares.CustomSpiderMiddleware': 543, 'scrapy.spidermiddlewares.offsite.OffsiteMiddleware': None, }
同理,数字越小越靠近引擎,process_spider_input()优先处理,数字越大越靠近spider,process_spider_output()优先处理,关闭用None
编写自定义spider中间件
process_spider_input(response, spider)
当response通过spider中间件时,这个方法被调用,返回None
process_spider_output(response, result, spider)
当spider处理response后返回result时,这个方法被调用,必须返回Request或Item对象的可迭代对象,一般返回result
process_spider_exception(response, exception, spider)
当spider中间件抛出异常时,这个方法被调用,返回None或可迭代对象的Request、dict、Item
补充一张图:
感谢各位的阅读,以上就是“Scrapy的中间件如何使用”的内容了,经过本文的学习后,相信大家对Scrapy的中间件如何使用这一问题有了更深刻的体会,具体使用情况还需要大家实践验证。这里是亿速云,小编将为大家推送更多相关知识点的文章,欢迎关注!
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