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python collections模块使用详解

发布时间:2020-06-26 13:49:52 来源:网络 阅读:541 作者:nineteens 栏目:编程语言

  collections 共涉及到以下几个模块:

  [‘deque’, ‘defaultdict’, ‘namedtuple’, ‘UserDict’, ‘UserList’,

  ‘UserString’, ‘Counter’, ‘OrderedDict’, ‘ChainMap’]

  namedtuple详解

  tuple

  tuple 拆包特性

  $ ipython

  Python 3.7.3 (default, Mar 28 2019, 10:38:38) [MSC v.1915 32 bit (Intel)]

  Type 'copyright', 'credits' or 'license' for more information

  IPython 7.4.0 -- An enhanced Interactive Python. Type '?' for help.

  In [1]: user_tuple = ('laoliu', 30, 175, 'beijing')

  # python的拆包特性

  In [2]: name, *other = user_tuple

  In [3]: name

  Out[3]: 'laoliu'

  In [4]: other

  Out[4]: [30, 175, 'beijing']

  # 拆包

  In [5]: name, age, hight, address = user_tuple

  In [6]: print(name, age, hight, address)

  laoliu 30 175 beijing

  In [7]: d = {}

  # 元组可以作为dict的键, 但list不可以,这是因为tuple是不可变对象

  In [8]: d[user_tuple] = 'shanghai'

  In [9]: d

  Out[9]: {('laoliu', 30, 175, 'beijing'): 'shanghai'}

  namedtuple的使用方法示例

  Python 3.7.3 (default, Mar 28 2019, 10:38:38) [MSC v.1915 32 bit (Intel)]

  Type 'copyright', 'credits' or 'license' for more information

  IPython 7.4.0 -- An enhanced Interactive Python. Type '?' for help.

  In [1]: from collections import namedtuple

  In [2]: User = namedtuple("User",['name', 'age'])

  In [3]: user = User(name='liu',age=18)

  In [4]: print(user.name, user.age)

  liu 18

  In [5]: user_tuple = ('zhang', 19)

  # 以 * 传参, 也是位置参数, 详解可参照函数的传参方式

  In [6]: user2 = User(*user_tuple)

  In [7]: print(user.name, user.age)

  liu 18

  In [8]: print(user2.name, user2.age)

  zhang 19

  In [9]: user_dict = {'name': 'wang', 'age':20}

  # 以 ** 传参, 也就是关键字参数, 详解可参照函数的传参方式

  In [10]: user3 = User(**user_dict)

  In [11]: print(user3.name, user3.age)

  wang 20

  # 新增属性之后的解决办法

  In [12]: User = namedtuple('User',['name', 'age', 'height'])

  In [13]: user = User(name='liu',age=18)

  ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

  TypeError Traceback (most recent call last)

  in

  ----> 1 user = User(name='liu',age=18)

  TypeError: __new__() missing 1 required positional argument: 'height'

  # 第一种解决办法就是添加关键字

  In [14]: user = User(name='liu',age=18, height=170)

  In [15]: print(user.name, user.age, user.height)

  liu 18 170

  In [16]: print(user2.name, user2.age, user2.height)

  ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

  AttributeError Traceback (most recent call last)

  in

  ----> 1 print(user2.name, user2.age, user2.height)

  AttributeError: 'User' object has no attribute 'height'

  In [17]: user2

  Out[17]: User(name='zhang', age=19)

  # 这个就是函数传参中的位置参数与关键字参数混用的例子

  In [18]: user2 = User(*user_tuple, height=171)

  In [19]: user2

  Out[19]: User(name='zhang', age=19, height=171)

  In [20]: user3

  Out[20]: User(name='wang', age=20)

  # 错误传参示例

  In [21]: use3 = User(**user_dict, 'height':172)

  File "", line 1

  use3 = User(**user_dict, 'height':172)

  ^

  SyntaxError: invalid syntax

  # 错误传参示例

  In [22]: use3 = User(**user_dict, {'height': 172})

  File "", line 1

  use3 = User(**user_dict, {'height': 172})

  ^

  SyntaxError: positional argument follows keyword argument unpacking

  In [23]: user_dict

  Out[23]: {'name': 'wang', 'age': 20}

  In [24]: user_dict.update({'height':172})

  In [25]: user_dict

  Out[25]: {'name': 'wang', 'age': 20, 'height': 172}

  In [26]: user3 = User(**user_dict)

  In [27]: user3

  Out[27]: User(name='wang', age=20, height=172)

  defaultdict 使用详解

  Python 3.7.3 (default, Mar 28 2019, 10:38:38) [MSC v.1915 32 bit (Intel)]

  Type 'copyright', 'credits' or 'license' for more information

  IPython 7.4.0 -- An enhanced Interactive Python. Type '?' for help.

  In [1]: from collections import defaultdict

  In [2]: users = ['liu1', 'liu2', 'liu3', 'liu1', 'liu1', 'liu2']

  In [3]: # 统计users中每个名字出现的次数

  In [4]: user_dict = {}

  # 这是我们常用的方法来解决

  In [5]: for user in users:

  ...: if user in user_dict:

  ...: user_dict[user] += 1

  ...: else:

  ...: user_dict[user] = 1

  ...:

  In [6]: user_dict # 结果

  Out[6]: {'liu1': 3, 'liu2': 2, 'liu3': 1}

  # 第二种解决办法, 使用setdefault()

  In [7]: user_dict2 = {}

  In [8]: for user in users:

  ...: user_dict2.setdefault(user, 0)

  ...: user_dict2[user] += 1

  ...:

  In [9]: user_dict2

  Out[9]: {'liu1': 3, 'liu2': 2, 'liu3': 1}

  # 第三种解决办法 使用defaultdict() (推荐使用)

  In [10]: user_dict3 = defaultdict(int)

  In [11]: for user in users:

  ...: user_dict3[user] += 1

  ...:

  In [12]: user_dict3

  Out[12]: defaultdict(int, {'liu1': 3, 'liu2': 2, 'liu3': 1})

  # defaultdict() 扩展使用, 创建一些复杂的数据结构

  # 求如下数据结构:

  {

  'group1':{

  'name': '',

  'nums': 0

  }

  }

  In [13]: def gen_default():

  ...: return {'name': '', 'nums': 0}

  ...:

  In [14]: default_dict = defaultdict(gen_default)

  In [15]: default_dict['group1']

  Out[15]: {'name': '', 'nums': 0}

  deque 使用详解

  deque 是线程安全的, list是非线程安全的,在多线程编程的情况下要多注意

  queue (队列)其实是deque实现在的

  deque是使用C语言编写的, 速度很快, 可以经常使用

  Python 3.7.3 (default, Mar 28 2019, 10:38:38) [MSC v.1915 32 bit (Intel)]

  Type 'copyright', 'credits' or 'license' for more information

  IPython 7.4.0 -- An enhanced Interactive Python. Type '?' for help.

  In [1]: from collections import deque

  In [2]: a = ['b', 'c', 'd']

  # 将list转为deque

  In [3]: a_duque = deque(a)

  In [4]: a_duque

  Out[4]: deque(['b', 'c', 'd'])

  # 将tuple转为deque

  In [5]: b = (1,2, 3)

  In [6]: b_duque = deque(b)

  In [7]: b_duque

  Out[7]: deque([1, 2, 3])

  In [8]: c = {"a": 1, "b": 2, "c": 4}

  # 将dice转为deque

  In [9]: c_deque = deque(c)

  In [10]: c_deque

  Out[10]: deque(['a', 'b', 'c'])

  # deque的append操作,同list

  In [11]: c_deque.append('d')

  In [12]: c_deque

  Out[12]: deque(['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'])

  # deque.appendleft() 将元素添加至左侧第0个位置

  In [13]: c_deque.appendleft('e')

  In [14]: c_deque

  Out[14]: deque(['e', 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd'])

  # 浅拷贝

  In [15]: c_deque_copy = c_deque.copy()

  In [16]: c_deque_copy.count()

  ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

  TypeError Traceback (most recent call last)

  in

  ----> 1 c_deque_copy.count()

  TypeError: count() takes exactly one argument (0 given)

  # 查找某个元素的出现的次数

  In [17]: c_deque_copy.count('a')

  Out[17]: 1

  In [18]: c_deque_copy

  Out[18]: deque(['e', 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd'])

  In [19]: c_deque_copy[1] = 'a1'

  In [20]: c_deque_copy

  Out[20]: deque(['e', 'a1', 'b', 'c', 'd'])

  In [21]: c_deque

  Out[21]: deque(['e', 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd'])

  # 合并两个deque, 将后者deque合并至前者的右侧,原址修改,返回None

  In [22]: c_deque.extend(a_duque)

  In [23]: c_deque

  Out[23]: deque(['e', 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'b', 'c', 'd'])

  # 合并两个deque, 将全者的deque合并至前者的左侧, 原地修改, 返回None

  In [24]: c_deque.extendleft(b_duque)

  In [25]: c_deque

  Out[25]: deque([3, 2, 1, 'e', 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'b', 'c', 'd'])

  # 返回元素的索引位置

  In [26]: c_deque.index('b')

  Out[26]: 5

  # 在给出的位置插入元素

  In [27]: c_deque.insert(2,'f')

  In [28]: c_deque

  Out[28]: deque([3, 2, 'f', 1, 'e', 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'b', 'c', 'd'])

  In [29]: c_deque.rotate('a')

  ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

  TypeError Traceback (most recent call last)

  in

  ----> 1 c_deque.rotate('a')

  TypeError: 'str' object cannot be interpreted as an integer

  # 将队尾的指定数量的元素放到队前, 默认为1

  In [30]: c_deque.rotate()

  In [31]: c_deque

  Out[31]: deque(['d', 3, 2, 'f', 1, 'e', 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'b', 'c'])

  # 反转整个deque

  In [32]: c_deque.reverse()

  In [33]: c_deque

  Out[33]: deque(['c', 'b', 'd', 'c', 'b', 'a', 'e', 1, 'f', 2, 3, 'd'])

  In [34]:

  Counter 使用详解

  Python 3.7.3 (default, Mar 28 2019, 10:38:38) [MSC v.1915 32 bit (Intel)]

  Type 'copyright', 'credits' or 'license' for more information

  IPython 7.4.0 -- An enhanced Interactive Python. Type '?' for help.

  In [1]: from collections import Counter

  In [2]: users = ['liu1', 'liu2', 'liu3', 'liu1', 'liu1', 'liu2']

  # 对列表中的数据进行统计

  In [3]: users_counter = Counter(users)

  In [4]: users_counter

  Out[4]: Counter({'liu1': 3, 'liu2': 2, 'liu3': 1})

  # 统计字符中,每个字符出现的次数

  In [5]: test = Counter('abcddfdefadsfasdjfoaisdfjasdjfasdfasdfasdfgfhdf')

  In [6]: test

  Out[6]:

  Counter({'a': 8,

  'b': 1,

  'c': 1,

  'd': 11,

  'f': 11,

  'e': 1,

  's': 7,

  'j': 3,

  'o': 1,

  'i': 1,

  'g': 1,

  'h': 1})

  # 统计两个字符串中的字符出现次数, 方法1

  In [7]: test.update('aadfd')

  In [8]: test

  Out[8]:

  Counter({'a': 10,

  'b': 1,

  'c': 1,

  'd': 13,

  'f': 12,

  'e': 1,

  's': 7,

  'j': 3,

  'o': 1,

  'i': 1,

  'g': 1,

  'h': 1})无锡人流多少钱 http://www.bhnnk120.com/

  # 统计两个字符串中的字符出现次数, 方法2

  In [9]: test2 = Counter('abcde')

  In [10]: test.update(test2)

  In [11]: test

  Out[11]:

  Counter({'a': 11,

  'b': 2,

  'c': 2,

  'd': 14,

  'f': 12,

  'e': 2,

  's': 7,

  'j': 3,

  'o': 1,

  'i': 1,

  'g': 1,

  'h': 1})

  # TOP n 的统计方法

  In [12]: test.most_common(3)

  Out[12]: [('d', 14), ('f', 12), ('a', 11)]

  OrderedDict 使用详解

  Python 3.7.3 (default, Mar 28 2019, 10:38:38) [MSC v.1915 32 bit (Intel)]

  Type 'copyright', 'credits' or 'license' for more information

  IPython 7.4.0 -- An enhanced Interactive Python. Type '?' for help.

  In [1]: from collections import OrderedDict

  In [2]: user_dict = OrderedDict()

  In [3]: user_dict['b'] = 'liu'

  In [4]: user_dict['a'] = 'liu1'

  In [5]: user_dict['c'] = 'liu2'

  In [6]: user_dict

  Out[6]: OrderedDict([('b', 'liu'), ('a', 'liu1'), ('c', 'liu2')])

  # 弹出最后一个item.

  In [7]: user_dict.popitem()

  Out[7]: ('c', 'liu2')

  In [8]: user_dict

  Out[8]: OrderedDict([('b', 'liu'), ('a', 'liu1')])

  # 移动元素至最后 使用场景优先级

  In [9]: user_dict.move_to_end('b')

  In [10]: user_dict

  Out[10]: OrderedDict([('a', 'liu1'), ('b', 'liu')])

  # 弹出最后一个key,返回key对应的值

  In [11]: user_dict.pop('b')

  Out[11]: 'liu'

  In [12]: user_dict

  Out[12]: OrderedDict([('a', 'liu1')])

  ChainMap 使用详解

  Python 3.7.3 (default, Mar 28 2019, 10:38:38) [MSC v.1915 32 bit (Intel)]

  Type 'copyright', 'credits' or 'license' for more information

  IPython 7.4.0 -- An enhanced Interactive Python. Type '?' for help.

  In [1]: from collections import ChainMap

  In [2]: dict1 = {'a': 'liu', 'b': "liu1"}

  In [3]: dict2 = {"c": "liu3", 'd': 'liu4'}

  # 最常使用的方法就是连接多个dict, 若键重复, 则只取第一个dict中的键值

  In [4]: new_dict = ChainMap(dict1, dict2)

  In [5]: for key, value in new_dict.items():

  ...: print(key, value)

  ...:

  c liu3

  d liu4

  a liu

  b liu1

  # 修改dict2, 使其中一个键与dict1的键重复

  In [6]: dict2 = {"b": "liu3", 'd': 'liu4'}

  In [7]: new_dict = ChainMap(dict1, dict2)

  In [8]: for key, value in new_dict.items():

  ...: print(key, value)

  ...:

  b liu1

  d liu4

  a liu

  In [9]: new_dict

  Out[9]: ChainMap({'a': 'liu', 'b': 'liu1'}, {'b': 'liu3', 'd': 'liu4'})

  # 返回dict的list, 但只是指向原来dict, 不是原dict的copy

  In [10]: new_dict.maps

  Out[10]: [{'a': 'liu', 'b': 'liu1'}, {'b': 'liu3', 'd': 'liu4'}]

  In [11]: new_dict.maps[0]['a'] = 'liu333'

  In [12]: new_dict

  Out[12]: ChainMap({'a': 'liu333', 'b': 'liu1'}, {'b': 'liu3', 'd': 'liu4'})

  In [13]: dict1

  Out[13]: {'a': 'liu333', 'b': 'liu1'}


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