实现哈希表时,我们常见的方法是线性探测、二次探测,这两个算法也很简单。若有兴趣,可以查看我的博客 http://10740184.blog.51cto.com/10730184/1771160。但是,这两个算法有一个共同点就是:空间利用率低。为什么这么说呢?线性探测、二次探测的高效性很大程度上要取决于它的载荷因子,载荷因子即:存放关键字个数/空间大小。
通过查阅资料,我发现,使用素数做除数可以减少哈希冲突(具体原因不详,大师专研的,发现很好用,就在这里分享给大家)。见下:
----素数表
// 使用素数表对齐做哈希表的容量,降低哈希冲突
const int _PrimeSize = 28;
static const unsigned long _PrimeList [_PrimeSize] =
{
53ul, 97ul, 193ul, 389ul, 769ul,
1543ul, 3079ul, 6151ul, 12289ul, 24593ul,
49157ul, 98317ul, 196613ul, 393241ul, 786433ul,
1572869ul, 3145739ul, 6291469ul, 12582917ul, 25165843ul,
50331653ul, 100663319ul, 201326611ul, 402653189ul, 805306457ul,
1610612741ul, 3221225473ul, 4294967291ul
};
开链法(哈希桶)结构:
而哈希桶实现时,我们可以将载荷因子设成1.
代码如下:
#define _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS 1 #include<iostream> using namespace std; #include<vector> template<class K,class V> struct HashTableNode { K _key; V _value; HashTableNode* _next; HashTableNode(const K& key,const V& value) :_key(key) , _value(value) , _next(NULL) {} }; template<class K,class V> class HashTable { public: typedef HashTableNode<K,V> Node; HashTable() :_table(NULL) , _size() {} size_t _HashFunc(const K& key) { //_table.size()表示哈希桶的空间大小 return key % _table.size(); } //拷贝构造 HashTable(const HashTable& ht) { //将哈希表ht拷贝给this this->_table.resize(ht._table.size()); for (int i = 0; i < ht._table.size(); i++) { Node* cur = ht._table[i]; while (cur) { Node* tmp = new Node(cur->_key, cur->_value); tmp->_next = _table[i]; _table[i] = tmp; this->_size++; cur = cur->_next; } } } HashTable<K, V> operator=(const HashTable<K, V>& ht) { if (&ht != this) { //删除哈希表this for (int i = 0; i < this->_table.size(); i++) { Node* cur = _table[i]; while (cur) { Node* del = cur; cur = cur->_next; /*delete del; del = NULL;*/ Remove(del->_key); } } //将哈希表ht拷贝给this this->_table.resize(ht._table.size()); for (int i = 0; i < ht._table.size(); i++) { Node* cur = ht._table[i]; while (cur) { Node* tmp = new Node(cur->_key, cur->_value); tmp->_next = _table[i]; _table[i] = tmp; this->_size++; cur = cur->_next; } } } return *this; } //赋值运算符重载的现代写法 HashTable<K, V> operator=(HashTable<K, V> ht) { if (&ht != this) { swap(_table, ht._table); swap(_size, ht._size); } return *this; } ~HashTable() { //删除哈希表ht if (this->_table.size() !=0) { for (int i = 0; i < this->_table.size(); i++) { Node* cur = _table[i]; while (cur) { Node* del = cur; cur = cur->_next; delete del; del = NULL; } } } } //获取新的哈希表容量大小 size_t _GetnewSize() { static const int _PrimeSize = 28; static const unsigned long _PrimeList[_PrimeSize] = { 53ul, 97ul, 193ul, 389ul, 769ul, 1543ul, 3079ul, 6151ul, 12289ul, 24593ul, 49157ul, 98317ul, 196613ul, 393241ul, 786433ul, 1572869ul, 3145739ul, 6291469ul, 12582917ul, 25165843ul, 50331653ul, 100663319ul, 201326611ul, 402653189ul, 805306457ul, 1610612741ul, 3221225473ul, 4294967291ul }; for (int i = 0; i < _PrimeSize; i++) { if (_PrimeList[i]> _table.size()) { return _PrimeList[i]; } } return _PrimeList[_PrimeSize - 1]; } //给哈希桶扩容 void _ExpandCapacity() { //开辟新的更大容量的哈希表 size_t newSize = _GetnewSize(); vector<Node*> newTable; newTable.resize(newSize); //将每处顺序表上的单链表元素摘下来插入到新的顺序表上 for (int i = 0; i < _table.size(); i++) { Node* cur = _table[i]; while (cur) { Node* tmp = cur; cur = cur->_next; int index = _HashFunc(tmp->_key); //头插法插插节点 tmp->_next = newTable[index]; newTable[index] = tmp; } _table[i] = NULL; } _table.swap(newTable); } //插入关键字 bool Insert(const K& key,const V& value) { //检查载荷因子,考虑是否扩容 //哈希桶的载荷因子设置为1 if (_size == _table.size()) { _ExpandCapacity(); } //往顺序表的index处插入节点 size_t index = _HashFunc(key); Node* begin = _table[index]; while (begin) { //设计成不可出现重复元素 if (begin->_key == key) { return false; } begin = begin->_next; } //考虑到同一条单链表上,无所谓元素存放顺序,且较尾插简单。--》头插 Node* tmp = new Node(key, value); tmp->_next =_table[index]; _table[index] = tmp; _size++; return true; } //查找关键字 Node* Find(const K& key) { int index = _HashFunc(key); Node* cur = _table[index]; while (cur) { if (cur->_key == key) return cur; cur = cur->_next; } return NULL; } //删除关键字 bool Remove(const K& key) { int index = _HashFunc(key); Node* cur = _table[index]; Node* prev = NULL; while (cur) { if (cur->_key == key) break; prev = cur; cur = cur->_next; } if (cur) { if (cur == _table[index]) { _table[index] = cur->_next; } else { Node* next = cur->_next; prev->_next = next; } delete cur; cur = NULL; --_size; return true; } return false; } //打印哈希桶 void PrintHashTable() { for (int i = 0; i < _table.size(); i++) { Node* cur = _table[i]; cout << i<<":" ; while (cur) { cout << cur->_key << "->"; cur = cur->_next; } cout << "NULL" << endl; } cout << endl; } private: vector<Node*> _table; size_t _size;//数据个数 }; void TestHashTableBucket() { typedef HashTableNode<int, char> Node; HashTable<int, char> ht; ht.Insert(1, 'a'); ht.Insert(2, 'b'); ht.Insert(3, 'c'); ht.Insert(4, 'd'); ht.Insert(5, 'd'); ht.Insert(54, 'x'); ht.Insert(55, 'y'); ht.Insert(56, 'z'); ht.PrintHashTable(); /*Node* ret = ht.Find(5); cout << ret->_value << endl; ht.Remove(1); ht.Remove(6); ht.PrintHashTable();*/ /*HashTable<int, char> ht1(ht); ht1.PrintHashTable();*/ HashTable<int, char> ht2; ht2.Insert(54, 'x'); ht2.Insert(55, 'y'); ht2.Insert(56, 'z'); ht2.Insert(1, 'a'); ht2.Insert(2, 'b'); ht2.Insert(3, 'c'); ht2.Insert(4, 'd'); ht2.Insert(5, 'd'); ht2.PrintHashTable(); ht = ht2; ht.PrintHashTable(); } int main() { TestHashTableBucket(); system("pause"); return 0; }
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