在Python中,进行网络爬虫的错误处理是非常重要的,因为它可以帮助你应对网络请求失败、解析错误或其他潜在的问题。以下是一些常见的错误处理方法:
try-except
块这是最基本的错误处理方法,可以捕获并处理异常。
import requests
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
url = 'http://example.com'
try:
response = requests.get(url)
response.raise_for_status() # 检查HTTP响应状态码
soup = BeautifulSoup(response.text, 'html.parser')
# 处理解析后的数据
except requests.exceptions.RequestException as e:
print(f"网络请求错误: {e}")
except Exception as e:
print(f"其他错误: {e}")
requests
的 timeout
参数设置请求超时可以避免程序在网络问题中无限期等待。
try:
response = requests.get(url, timeout=10) # 设置10秒超时
response.raise_for_status()
soup = BeautifulSoup(response.text, 'html.parser')
# 处理解析后的数据
except requests.exceptions.Timeout as e:
print(f"请求超时: {e}")
except requests.exceptions.RequestException as e:
print(f"网络请求错误: {e}")
except Exception as e:
print(f"其他错误: {e}")
logging
模块记录错误日志可以帮助你更好地调试和分析问题。
import logging
import requests
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
logging.basicConfig(filename='crawler.log', level=logging.ERROR)
url = 'http://example.com'
try:
response = requests.get(url)
response.raise_for_status()
soup = BeautifulSoup(response.text, 'html.parser')
# 处理解析后的数据
except requests.exceptions.RequestException as e:
logging.error(f"网络请求错误: {e}")
except Exception as e:
logging.error(f"其他错误: {e}")
retry
库retry
库可以帮助你自动重试失败的请求。
from requests.adapters import HTTPAdapter
from requests.packages.urllib3.util.retry import Retry
import requests
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
url = 'http://example.com'
retry_strategy = Retry(
total=3,
status_forcelist=[429, 500, 502, 503, 504],
method_whitelist=["HEAD", "GET", "OPTIONS"],
backoff_factor=1
)
adapter = HTTPAdapter(max_retries=retry_strategy)
http = requests.Session()
http.mount("https://", adapter)
http.mount("http://", adapter)
try:
response = http.get(url)
response.raise_for_status()
soup = BeautifulSoup(response.text, 'html.parser')
# 处理解析后的数据
except requests.exceptions.RequestException as e:
print(f"网络请求错误: {e}")
except Exception as e:
print(f"其他错误: {e}")
使用 BeautifulSoup
解析 HTML 时,可能会遇到格式错误或其他问题。可以使用 try-except
块来捕获这些错误。
try:
soup = BeautifulSoup(response.text, 'html.parser')
# 处理解析后的数据
except Exception as e:
print(f"解析错误: {e}")
通过结合这些方法,你可以构建一个健壮的爬虫,能够有效地处理各种潜在的错误。
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