1、一些准备工作
安装django
pip install django
创建django项目
进入项目代码存放目录执行命令:
django-admin.py startproject blog_demo
进入blog_demo,运行命令:
python3.6 manage.py runserver 9000
在浏览器地址栏打开:http://127.0.0.1:9000/ 如果出现以下画面,则说明服务器正在运行
创建博客应用(app)
django中每一个app可以看作是一个模块,以app为单位,结构清晰,方便管理。
python3.6 manage.py startapp blog_api
使用开发工具打开项目blog_demo,其结构如下:
2、models.py
编写模型层代码,以下语句相当于创建了两张表:User,Article
class User(models.Model): id = models.AutoField(primary_key=True) uname = models.CharField(max_length=50) upwd = models.CharField(max_length=100) #active inactive status = models.CharField(max_length=10) class Article(models.Model): id = models.AutoField(primary_key=True) title = models.CharField(max_length=50) content = models.TextField() #deleted alive status = models.CharField(max_length=10)
创建表结构:
python3.6 manage.py migrate
settings.py文件INSTALLED_APPS处新增app:blog_api
INSTALLED_APPS = [ 'django.contrib.admin', 'django.contrib.auth', 'django.contrib.contenttypes', 'django.contrib.sessions', 'django.contrib.messages', 'django.contrib.staticfiles', 'blog_api' ]
让django知道模型有了变化:
python3.6 manage.py makemigrations blog_api
再次创建表结构:
python3.6 manage.py migrate
3、django admin
登录
在浏览器控制台输入:http://127.0.0.1:9000/admin/login/?next=/admin/
创建超级用户
stephen@stephen-K55VD:~/IdeaProjects/blog_demo$ python3.6 manage.py createsuperuser Username (leave blank to use 'stephen'): admin Email address: Password: Password (again): This password is too common. Bypass password validation and create user anyway? [y/N]: y Superuser created successfully.
邮件地址可以不填,注册成功后即可登录。使用admin后台来管理模型需要先注册,修改blog_api/admin.py代码
#导入模型User,Article from blog_api.models import User,Article admin.site.register(User) admin.site.register(Article)
刷新admin后台,就可以看到刚刚注册的模型了。
4、修改urls.py
from blog_api.views import add_article,modify_article urlpatterns = [ path('admin/', admin.site.urls), path('articles/',add_article), path('articles/<int:art_id>',modify_article) ]
5、新增文章接口
from django.http import HttpResponse,JsonResponse from blog_api.models import User,Article import json #新增文章 def add_article(request): if request.method == "POST": req = json.loads(request.body) print (req) key_flag = req.get("title") and req.get("content") and len(req)==2 #判断请求体是否正确 if key_flag: title = req["title"] content = req["content"] #title返回的是一个list title_exist = Article.objects.filter(title=title) #判断是否存在同名title if len(title_exist) != 0: return JsonResponse({"status":"BS.400","msg":"title aleady exist,fail to publish."}) '''插入数据''' add_art = Article(title=title,content=content,status="alive") add_art.save() return JsonResponse({"status":"BS.200","msg":"publish article sucess."}) else: return JsonResponse({"status":"BS.400","message":"please check param."})
使用postman工具调用接口,运行结果:
6、查询文章接口
#查询所有文章和状态 if request.method == "GET": articles = {} query_art = Article.objects.all() for title in query_art: articles[title.title] = title.status return JsonResponse({"status":"BS.200","all_titles":articles,"msg":"query articles sucess."})
运行结果:
7、修改文章接口
#修改文章 def modify_article(request,art_id): if request.method == "POST": req = json.loads(request.body) try: art = Article.objects.get(id=art_id) key_flag = req.get("title") and req.get("content") and len(req)==2 if key_flag: title = req["title"] content = req["content"] title_exist = Article.objects.filter(title=title) if len(title_exist) > 1: return JsonResponse({"status":"BS.400","msg":"title aleady exist."}) '''更新数据''' old_art = Article.objects.get(id=art_id) old_art.title = title old_art.content = content old_art.save() return JsonResponse({"status":"BS.200","msg":"modify article sucess."}) except Article.DoesNotExist: return JsonResponse({"status":"BS.300","msg":"article is not exists,fail to modify."})
运行结果:
8、删除文章接口
#删除文章 if request.method == "DELETE": try: art = Article.objects.get(id=art_id) art_id = art.id art.delete() return JsonResponse({"status":"BS.200","msg":"delete article sucess."}) except Article.DoesNotExist: return JsonResponse({"status":"BS.300","msg":"article is not exists,fail to delete."})
运行结果:
9、鉴权
四个简单的接口已经可以运行了,但是在发请求之前没有进行鉴权,毫无安全性可言。下面来实现简单的认证机制。需要用到内建模块hashlib,hashlib提供了常见的摘要算法,如MD5,SHA1等。
鉴权接口
新增一个专门用于鉴权的接口。在urls.py中添加
path("auth/",get_token)
在views.py前面新增函数get_token(request)
import hashlib #获取token def get_token(request): req = json.loads(request.body) uname = req["username"] upwd = req["password"] if request.method == "POST": try: tmppwd =User.objects.get(uname=uname).upwd if upwd == tmppwd: md5 = hashlib.md5() #把密码变成一个长度固定的字符串 md5.update(upwd.encode("utf-8")) return JsonResponse({"status":"BS.201","X-Token":md5.hexdigest()}) else: return JsonResponse({"status":"BS.401","msg":"username or password may wrong."}) except User.DoesNotExist: return JsonResponse({"status":"BS.500","msg":"username is not exist."})
登录django admin在blog_api下的User表新增一条记录。运行结果:
用户认证
request.META.get(“header key”) 用于获取header的信息。注意的是header key必须增加前缀HTTP,同时大写,中划先会转成下划线,例如你的key为X-Token,那么应该写成request.META.get("HTTP_X_TOKEN"),修改views.py在get_token后面加上如下代码:
#认证动作 def user_auth(request): token = request.META.get("HTTP_X_TOKEN",b'') print (token) if token: #暂时先写上auth接口返回的数据 if token=="0a6db4e59c7fff2b2b94a297e2e5632e": return "auth_sucess" else: return "auth_fail" else: return "auth_fail"
在接口中调用user_auth函数,以发布文章接口为例:
#新增文章 def add_article(request): auth_res = user_auth(request) if auth_res == "auth_fail": return JsonResponse({"status":"BS.401","msg":"user auth failed."}) else: if request.method == "POST": req = json.loads(request.body) print (req) .......
再次使用postman工具调用新增文章接口,Header中没有X-Token或X-Token错误时的运行结果:
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